Responses to Information Requests

Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

1. Overview

According to the website of the government of Peru, obtaining the DNI is mandatory for all Peruvian citizens, both minors and adults, and it serves as the main identification document necessary to access all state services and benefits (Peru 2023-10-15). The same source, in a webpage explaining how to obtain a DNI, indicates that there are three types of DNIs: a DNI for minors (DNI para menores de edad) which is a yellow card, a conventional DNI (DNI convencional) which is a blue card, and an electronic DNI (DNIe) (Peru 2023-07-19a). The same source indicates that the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil, RENIEC) is the autonomous Peruvian body responsible for overseeing identification matters and granting DNIs to all Peruvians (Peru n.d.a).

2. Conventional DNI

The Peruvian government website states that citizens who are 17 or older can obtain the blue conventional DNI which expires every eight years (Peru 2023-07-19a). Another Peruvian government webpage indicates that when renewing a conventional DNI, individuals over 60 years old would receive a DNI that does not have an expiration date (Peru 2023-08-05). According to the same source, citizens who are 17 years old and obtain the conventional DNI will be able to vote once they reach 18 years of age, at which time their polling station number will be activated (Peru 2023-07-19a).

2.1 Content and Appearance

The information in the following paragraph was provided by RENIEC in a 2018 technical specifications manual for the DNI issued to those over 17 years old [also called the conventional DNI]:

This DNI card is sky blue in colour. Its dimensions, laminated, are 85.60 mm by 53.98 mm while the unlaminated card measures 81.60 mm by 51 mm. The front side of the DNI includes a digitized photograph of the cardholder and contains data such as the citizen's first and last names, date of birth, sex, and marital status. The reverse side of the DNI contains the citizen's fingerprint, address, and [translation] "voting group," as well as eight boxes for proof of having voted (constancia de sufragio). A sample of the conventional DNI as of 2018 can be found in RENIEC's technical specifications manual (Peru 2018-10-24a, 4, 5, 10, 13).

According to Administrative Decision No. 000007-2023/JNAC/RENIEC (Resolución Jefatural N° 000007-2023/JNAC/RENIEC), as of 24 November 2022, the eight voting record boxes have been reduced to four and the conventional DNI includes a new field printed on the back of the card entitled "cuarto nivel" (fourth level) which lists a code for a specific geographical location (ubigeo) (Peru 2023-01-19).

The RENIEC online portal indicates that according to Administrative Decision No. 229-2006 JEF/RENIEC (Resolución Jefatural 229-2006-JEF/RENIEC), Peruvian consulates issue bilingual DNIs with information in English and Spanish to facilitate the use of the DNI in English-speaking countries (Peru n.d.b). The same source notes that this type of DNI is also granted to Peruvians who apply in Peru but reside abroad (Peru n.d.b). A sample of a bilingual DNI can be found in the RENIEC technical specifications manual for the conventional DNI (Peru 2018-10-24a, 32-33).

2.2 Security Features

The information in the following paragraphs was provided in the 2018 RENIEC technical specifications manual for the conventional DNI:

Security elements for the conventional DNI include a watermark of the national emblem of Peru printed on the film used to laminate the card and made visible when the paper is viewed against light. The word "IDENTIDAD" is printed on the film using yellow UV-reactive ink on both sides of the card.

The front of the DNI contains an iridescent strip that has the word "PERU" printed with ink that changes colour under light and is displayed over the citizen's photo. The card also has a 1.0 mm security band that reacts to ultraviolet light by displaying the words "República del Perú" in red and white (Peru 2018-10-24a, 6-8).

2.3 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain, Renew, or Replace a Conventional DNI in Peru

According to the website of the Peruvian government, individuals applying for a conventional DNI for the first time must pay between 30 and 35 soles (PEN) [C$11-C$13], depending on their age and immigration status, through certain banks or online; however, the procedure is free for people with a permanent disability (2023-10-02). The same source notes that applicants must submit the required documents at a RENIEC Service Centre or Citizen Service Centre (Centro de Mejor Atención al Ciudadano, MAC) (Peru 2023-10-02). The source indicates that individuals will receive a ticket to collect the DNI, which will be ready for pick-up in approximately 10 business days (Peru 2023-10-02).

The same Peruvian government web page provides the following list of required documents for those applying for a conventional DNI for the first time:

• Registration form signed by applicant.
• Certified copy of birth certificate.
• Authenticated baptism certificate for citizens baptized before 14 November 1936 can be an option to support their registration (for late DNI registration (DNI extemporáneo) [1]).
• Sworn declaration of the father, mother, or sibling, or of two witnesses who testify before the civil registrar (for late DNI registration).
• Original receipt of a telephone, water, or tax bill dated within the last six months.
• One current, passport-sized photograph.
• Copy of the Proof of Military Registration (Constancia de Inscripción Militar, CIM) [2], if applicable.
• Student card or proof of studies, if applicable.
• Receipt of payment.
• For naturalized citizens, a certified copy of their naturalization document (Peru 2023-10-02).

According to the RENIEC, the conventional DNI can be renewed in person or online 60 days before its expiration date to [translation] "avoid setbacks" (Peru 2023-08-05). The same source indicates that individuals renewing their conventional DNI must pay 30 PEN through the Bank of the Nation (Banco de la Nación) [3] or online; however, the procedure is free for people with a permanent disability who must complete the process in person (Peru 2023-08-05). The source notes that applicants who choose to complete the process in person must submit the required documents at a RENIEC Service Centre or MAC Centre (Peru 2023-08-05). According to the source, individuals will receive a ticket to collect the DNI, which will be ready for pick-up in approximately 10 business days (Peru 2023-08-05). The RENIEC indicates that those renewing their conventional DNI in person must provide a receipt of payment and a current photo, taken at a RENIEC Service Centre, or provided by the applicant if the Service Centre does not offer that service (Peru 2023-08-05). The source adds that certain information, including residential address and marital status, can be updated online or in person with the corresponding required documents (Peru 2023-08-05). The source also indicates that those who apply online can pick up their DNI at a RENIEC Service Centre (Peru 2023-08-05).

According to the Peruvian government website, if an individual already had the yellow-card DNI for minors when they were under 17 years of age, they should request a DNI renewal and should follow the same procedure that is followed when the DNI is expired (Peru 2023-07-19a).

The Peruvian government website indicates that when a conventional DNI is lost, stolen or damaged, a citizen can apply for a replacement DNI before 60 days prior to its expiry date (Peru 2023-10-21). According to the same source, applications for a replacement can be made through the RENIEC web portal or in person at a RENIEC Service Centre or MAC Centre (Peru 2023-10-21).

2.4 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain, Renew, or Replace the Conventional DNI Outside Peru

According to the RENIEC web portal, DNIs are issued to Peruvian citizens born abroad through Peruvian consulates located worldwide (Peru n.d.b).

The website for the Consulate General of Peru in Toronto describes the procedure and requirements for obtaining a conventional DNI as follows:

• The applicant must be physically present and is required to sign and provide their fingerprints on the forms supplied by the consular office.
• A certified copy of the applicant's birth documentation, or a certified copy of their [translation] "Certificate of Peruvian Born Abroad" (Título de Peruano Nacido en el Exterior) issued within the last six months.
• An up-to-date photograph that measures 35 x 43 mm.
• If applicable, proof of education or proof of [translation] "disability"
• A payment of C$10.50 by debit card or cash deposit at Scotiabank with the receipt provided by the Consulate General; the procedure is free for applicants with a permanent disability (Peru n.d.c).

The RENIEC indicates that the renewal of a conventional DNI from abroad must be done through the Peruvian consulate located where the applicant resides (Peru 2023-08-05). The website of the Consulate General of Peru in Toronto indicates that the DNI can be renewed when the card has expired or 60 days before its expiration date (Peru n.d.d). The same source adds that applicants must submit an up-to-date photograph that measures 35 x 43 mm and pay C$10.50 by debit card or a cash deposit at Scotiabank with the receipt provided by the Consulate General; the procedure is free for applicants with a permanent disability (Peru n.d.d).

The website of the Consulate General of Peru in Toronto indicates that a lost, stolen or damaged DNI can be replaced for a fee of C$9, payable by debit card or a cash deposit at Scotiabank with the receipt provided by the Consulate General; the procedure is free for applicants with a permanent disability (Peru n.d.e).

3. DNIe

The Peruvian government website indicates that individuals 17 years of age or older can apply for the DNIe, which enables them to [translation] "prove" their identity both in person and electronically (Peru 2023-07-19a). The website further states that the DNIe replaces the conventional DNI and allows one to digitally sign electronic documents and to apply for official documents online (Peru 2023-07-19a). According to the RENIEC web portal, some of the services accessible with a DNIe include [translation] "banking and commercial transactions, access to the complaints book, registrations, tax returns and payments, social assistance and health care" (Peru n.d.f). A different Peruvian government webpage indicates that the DNIe is valid for eight years (Peru 2022-12-17).

3.1 Content and Appearance

The information in the following section was provided in Administrative Decision No. 212-2013/JNAC/RENIEC (Resolución Jefatural No 212-2013/JNAC/RENIEC) which approved the format and technical specifications of the DNIe:

The DNIe is constructed from polycarbonate; the card is primarily white in colour, featuring an image of the [translation] "archaeological ruins of Machu Picchu" on the front and a "Guilloche pattern design" on the back. The DNIe has the following features:

On the front:

• National Coat of Arms of the Republic of Peru
• Republic of Peru (República del Perú)
• National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil)
• National Identity Document DNI (Documento Nacional de Identidad DNI)
• CUI (Unique Identification Code) [CUI (Código Único de Identificación)]
• Cryptographic chip
• Map of the Republic of Peru
• Serial number of the card
• First Surname (Primer Apellido)
• Second Surname (Segundo Apellido)
• First Names (Prenombres)
• Sex (Sexo)
• Marital Status (Estado Civil)
• Date of Birth (Fecha de Nacimiento)
• Ubigeo [code] of Place of Birth (Ubigeo de Nacimiento)
• Date of Issue (Fecha de Emisión)
• Expiration Date (Fecha de Caducidad)
• Voting Group (Grupo de Votación)
• Organ Donation (Donación de Órganos)

On the back:

• Boxes for Proof of Having Voted (Recuadros de constancia de sufragio)
• Department/Province/District (Departamento/Provincia/Distrito)
• Address (Dirección)

Dimensions of the card:

• Width: Minimum 53.92 mm – maximum 54.18 mm
• Length: Minimum 85.47 mm – maximum 85.90 mm
• Corner rounding radius: Minimum: 2.88 mm – maximum: 3.48 mm
• Thickness: Minimum 0.68 mm – maximum 0.84 mm.

A sample of the DNIe as of 2013 can be found in the appendix of Administrative Decision No. 212-2013/JNAC/RENIEC (Peru 2013-07-02, 3-5).

3.2 Security Features

The information in the following section was provided by Administrative Decision No. 212-2013/JNAC/RENIEC:

Security elements of the DNIe include a cryptographic chip that stores citizen data such as their digital certificates which are used for authentication purposes or to digitally sign. The chip also contains biometric data including from the cardholder's fingerprints.

The DNIe is produced with the following security elements:

[translation]

• Guilloche
• Microtext or micro line
• Deliberate error in microtext
• Optically variable ink
• Rainbow background
• Numismatic design
• Optically variable element (OVD [optically variable device] hologram) inlay
• UV images
• Card serial number
• Header text
• Pre-printed field lettering
• Image of the national coat of arms of the Republic of Peru
• Boxes for proof of having voted
• Background colors
• Lenticular surface for the engraving of the CLI (Changeable Laser Image).

The following security features are added to the DNIe when the card is personalized with the cardholder's information:

• CUI number
• Check digit
• Ghost image with date of birth (CLI [changeable laser image])
• Citizen-specific data
• Tactile engraving of the date of birth
• Photograph
• CUI number displayed vertically
• Citizen's signature
• Comments (optional)
• Fingerprint
• Fingerprint designation
• Registry numbering
• Name and signature of the national head of the RENIEC
• Barcode with vertical CUI number
• ICAO [International Civil Aviation Organization] code for machine readable zone. (Peru 2013-07-02, 4-6)

3.3 Updated DNIe (2019)

The 2019 Administrative Decision No. 211-2019/JNAC/RENIEC (Resolución Jefatural No 211-2019/JNAC/RENIEC), which repeals Administrative Decision No. 212-2013/JNAC/RENIEC, notes the following changes for the DNIe:

• The cryptographic chip is now on the back of the card.
• The organ donation information is now on the back of the card.
• The Ubigeo code for the place of birth is now on the back of the card.
• "REPUBLICADELPERU" is written on the back of the card, horizontally in microtext.
• There are four boxes for proof of having voted instead of eight (Peru 2019-12-27, 4-7).

A sample of the updated DNIe can be found in the appendix of Administrative Decision No. 211-2019/JNAC/RENIEC (Peru 2019-12-27, 4-5).

3.4 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain, Replace, or Renew a DNIe in Peru

The same steps as those for applying for or renewing a conventional DNI are described on the Peruvian government website in their instructions for obtaining a DNIe for the first time (Peru 2022-12-17) or renewing one (Peru 2023-08-05). The DNIe has a cost of 41 PEN and is ready in approximately 10 business days (Peru 2022-12-17).

3.5 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain or Replace a DNIe Outside Peru

Information on the requirements and procedures to obtain or replace a DNIe outside Peru could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

4. DNI for Minors

According to the Peruvian government webpage, if an individual has a child or minor under their guardianship who is between the ages of 0 and 16, they can apply for the DNI for minors (Peru 2023-07-19a). The same source adds that the DNI number assigned to the minor remains the same throughout their lifetime (Peru 2023-07-19a). The RENIEC states that the DNI for newborn minors is valid for 3 years and must be renewed when the cardholder reaches the ages of 3 and 6; afterward, the DNI is valid for periods of eight years (Peru 2024-02-16).

4.1 Content and Appearance

The information in the following paragraph was provided by the technical specifications manual for the DNI for minors:

The dimensions of a laminated DNI for persons under 17 years of age are 85.60 mm x 54.0 mm. It is predominantly yellow in colour and contains the citizen's data. The front of the DNI contains the card's issue and expiration dates, and the citizen's first names, surnames, date of birth, and digitized photograph, among other data. The reverse contains their fingerprint, address, parents' data, and a box for observations. A sample of the DNI for minors as of 2018 can be found in the RENIEC's technical specifications manual (Peru 2018-10-24b, 4, 5, 11,13).

According to Administrative Decision No. 000007-2023/JNAC/RENIEC, as of 24 November 2022, the DNIs for minors includes a new field printed on the back of the card titled "Cuarto Nivel" which lists a code for a specific geographical location (Peru 2023-01-19, italics added).

4.2 Security Features

The security features of the yellow DNI described in the RENIEC's technical specifications manual for the DNI for minors are the same as those of the conventional DNI (Peru 2018-10-24b, 5, 6).

4.3 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain, Replace, or Renew a DNI for Minors in Peru

The Peruvian government website describes the procedure to obtain a DNI for minors for the first time as follows:

This application process can be carried out by the parents, legal guardians, grandparents, or siblings over the age of majority. The minor should be present during the process unless they are younger than eight months old. The declarant must pay 16 PEN through the Bank of the Nation or online, then deliver the required documents to a registrar at a RENIEC Service Centre or MAC Centre. The registrar will issue the citizen a ticket for DNI pick up; they will also indicate the approximate date for pick up.

The following documents are required:

• Registration form signed by the declarant.
• Certified copy of birth certificate.
• Original receipt of a telephone, water, or tax bill dated within the last six months, in the case the minor's address is not the same as the address recorded in the declarant's DNI.
• One current, passport-sized photograph.
• DNI or document that proves the relationship of the declarant with the minor.
• Receipt of payment (Peru 2023-07-19b).

The RENIEC indicates that to renew a DNI for minors, applicants must pay 16 PEN through the Bank of the Nation or online; the procedure is free for minors with a permanent disability (Peru 2022-08-18). The same source indicates that the minor must be physically present along with the declarant (a parent or guardian) and must submit the required documents at a RENIEC Service Centre or MAC Centre (Peru 2022-08-18). According to the source, individuals will receive a ticket they will need to collect the DNI, which will be ready for pick-up in approximately 15 business days (Peru 2022-08-18). The source adds that those renewing their DNI for minors must provide a receipt of payment, a DNI or document that proves the relationship of the declarant with the minor, and a current photo, taken at a RENIEC Service Centre, or provided by the applicant if the Service Centre does not offer that service (Peru 2022-08-18). The source adds that certain information, including the residential address, can be updated with the corresponding required documents (Peru 2022-08-18).

The Peru government website describes the procedure and requirements to replace a DNI for minors as follows:

In the case that a valid DNI is lost, stolen or damaged, a replacement DNI must be requested for the minor if their DNI was at least 60 days away from its expiry date. The application to request a replacement DNI must be done in person at a RENIEC Service Centre or MAC Centre, and a parent must accompany the minor (Peru 2023-10-21). Information on other requirements and fees to replace a lost, stolen, or damaged DNI for minors could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

4.4 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain, Replace, or Renew a DNI for Minors Outside Peru

The website for the Consulate General of Peru in Toronto states that to obtain a DNI for a minor (up to 16 years old), the minor must be physically present along with the declarant (a parent or guardian) (Peru n.d.g). The same source lists the following documentary requirements for the application:

• An identity document for the declarant.
• For guardians and legal representatives, proof of their relationship with the minor.
• A certified or authenticated copy of the applicant's birth certificate issued within the last three months by a consular office, municipality, or RENIEC office.
• A current photograph (35 x 43 mm).
• If applicable, proof of education or proof of [translation] "disability."
• A payment of C$7.50 by debit card or cash deposit at Scotiabank with the receipt provided by the Consulate General; the procedure is free for applicants with a permanent disability (Peru n.d.g).

Information on the requirements and procedures to renew or replace a DNI for minors outside Peru could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

5. DNIe for Minors

A 2021 press release on the Peruvian government website announced that the RENIEC will begin to implement the electronic DNI for minors (Peru 2021-05-22). According to the press release, the DNIe for minors will store the parent's information within its chip (Peru 2021-05-22). Information on the implementation of this electronic DNI for minors could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

5.1 Content and Appearance

According to Administrative Decision No. 000104-2021/JNAC/RENIEC (Resolución Jefatural N° 000104-2021/JNAC/RENIEC), which approved the format and technical specifications of the DNIe for minors, the content and appearance of the DNIe for minors are the same as those of the DNIe except for the following [translation] "considerations" when adding the minor's personal information to the DNIe cards:

On the front:

• A horizontal line will be printed where the marital status field is.
• Below the CAN (Card Access Number (Numero de acceso de la tarjeta)) field, the text "MENOR" is printed.

On the reverse:

• Where the voting record boxes are located, a thin, straight, oblique line from the upper left corner to the lower right corner is printed.
• A horizontal line is printed where the voting group field is.
• A horizontal line is printed where the organ donation field is.
• New fields are added for the father's name and mother's name (Peru 2021-05-20, 8-10).

5.2 Security Features

The following information was provided by Administrative Decision No. 000104-2021/JNAC/RENIEC, which approved the format and technical specifications of the DNIe for minors:

• The DNIe for minors will not include digital certificates containing authentication and digital signatures.
• The fingerprint and signature sections on the card will remain blank.
• The chip will contain the information of both the mother and father (Peru 2021-05-20, 8-9).

5.3 Requirements and Procedures to Obtain or Replace DNIe for Minors

Information on the requirements and procedures to obtain or replace a DNIe for minors in Peru or from abroad could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

6. Availability and Prevalence of Fraudulent DNIs

An article by Panamericana Televisión, a Peruvian news channel, reports that the alleged leader of a criminal organization in Ecuador was captured by Peruvian authorities while possessing an [translation] "original" DNI which had been obtained using "forged documents" (Panamericana Televisión 2023-07-09).

Another article from Panamericana Televisión reports on an investigation by Peruvian authorities leading to the arrest of two individuals with a history of forgery who were attempting to sell false documents in Lima (2023-02-24). According to the same source, the false documents these individuals were selling contained Peruvian DNIs that did not appear in the RENIEC system, and [translation] "125 medical certificates, 500 certificates of studies, and 240 certificates of international vaccination" were also seized by the authorities (Panamericana Televisión 2023-02-24).

El Peruano, a state-run newspaper in Peru (Peru 2023-12-10), citing the General Director of the Directorate of Integrated Health Networks (Dirección de Redes Integradas de Salud, Diris) Lima Centre, reports that during the COVID-19 pandemic, citizens attempted to access COVID-19 vaccines for prioritized groups using falsified DNIs, among other forged documents (El Peruano 2021-06-18).

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Notes

[1] According to the Peruvian government website, [translation] "[i]f you are already over 20 years of age and have not previously had a DNI, you can request a late registration of the DNIe or the blue [c]onventional DNI" (Peru 2023-10-02).

[2] According to Peru's Ministry of Defence (Ministerio de Defensa, MINDEF), the Proof of Military Registration (Constancia de Inscripción Militar, CIM) is the document that proves that an individual has enrolled in the military, which is mandatory for all Peruvian citizens over the age of 17, as stipulated in Law No. 29248 (Ley Nº 29248) (Peru n.d.h). The same source indicates that registering for the military is a prerequisite to obtaining a DNI (Peru n.d.h). For more information on the CIM, including its content, appearance, and security features, as well as the requirements and procedures to obtain it, see Response to Information Request PER201700 of December 2023.

[3] The Bank of the Nation (Banco de la Nación) is the financial institution of the Peruvian state (Peru n.d.i).

References

El Peruano. 2021-06-18. "MINSA advierte que algunos ciudadanos tratan de acceder a la vacunación presentando documentos falsos." [Accessed 2023-10-25]

Panamericana Televisión. 2023-07-09. "¡Exclusivo! Regreso de 'Los Tiguerones': Sanguinario asesino ecuatoriano tenía DNI original peruano." [Accessed 2023-10-25]

Panamericana Televisión. 2023-02-24. "SMP: Detienen a falsificadores de documentos mudados de Azángaro." [Accessed 2023-10-25]

Peru. 2024-02-16. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Trámites para el recién nacido." [Accessed 2024-02-29]

Peru. 2023-12-10. "Diario Official El Peruano." [Accessed 2023-11-30]

Peru. 2023-10-21. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Solicitar duplicado de DNI azul, DNIe y DNI de menor de 17 años." [Accessed 2023-11-03]

Peru. 2023-10-15. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Qué es el Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI)." [Accessed 2023-10-16]

Peru. 2023-10-02. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Solicitar DNI Azul por primera vez para mayores de 17 años." [Accessed 2023-11-02]

Peru. 2023-08-05. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Renovar DNI Azul o DNIe para mayores de 17 Años." [Accessed 2023-11-03]

Peru. 2023-07-19a. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Solicitar DNI por primera vez." [Accessed 2023-10-20]

Peru. 2023-07-19b. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Solicitar DNI por primera vez para menores de 0 a 16 años." [Accessed 2023-10-20]

Peru. 2023-01-19. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). Resolución jefatural N.° 000007-2023/JNAC/RENIEC. [Accessed 2023-11-01]

Peru. 2022-12-17. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Solicitar DNI Electrónico por primera vez." [Accessed 2023-11-03]

Peru. 2022-08-18. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Renovar DNI para menores de edad." [Accessed 2024-02-29]

Peru. 2021-05-22. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Niños tendrán DNI electrónico." [Accessed 2023-11-02]

Peru. 2021-05-20. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). Resolución Jefatural N° 000104-2021/JNAC/RENIEC. [Accessed 2023-11-01]

Peru. 2019-12-27. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). Resolución Jefatural N° 211-2019/JNAC/RENIEC. [Accessed 2023-11-03]

Peru. 2018-10-24a. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). Manual de especificaciones técnicas: Documento Nacional de Identidad del mayor de edad. [Accessed 2023-11-01]

Peru. 2018-10-24b. Manual de especificaciones técnicas: Documento Nacional de Identidad del menor de edad. [Accessed 2023-11-01]

Peru. 2013-07-02. Resolución Jefatural N° 212-2013/JNAC/RENIEC. [Accessed 2023-11-01]

Peru. N.d.a. "Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil." [Accessed 2023-10-16]

Peru. N.d.b. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "DNI con subtítulos en inglés." [Accessed 2023-11-03]

Peru. N.d.c. Consulado General del Perú en Toronto. "Inscripción regular (17 a 19 años)." [Accessed 2023-10-31]

Peru. N.d.d. Consulado General del Perú en Toronto. "Renovación." [Accessed 2024-03-04]

Peru. N.d.e. Consulado General del Perú en Toronto. "Duplicado." [Accessed 2024-03-04]

Peru. N.d.f. Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC). "Acceso a servicios." [Accessed 2023-10-16]

Peru. N.d.g. Consulado General del Perú en Toronto. "Inscripción de menores (0 a 16 años)." [Accessed 2023-10-31]

Peru. N.d.h. Ministerio de Defensa. "Preguntas frecuentes." [Accessed 2023-11-30]

Peru. N.d.i. Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, Banco de la Nación. "Estatuto del Banco de la Nación." [Accessed 2024-03-04]

Additional Sources Consulted

Oral sources: Peru – Consulate in Toronto, Embassy of Peru in Ottawa, Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil; Privacy International.

Internet sites, including: DePeru.com; Diario Correo; Edison TD; EU – Public Register of Authentic Travel and Identity Documents Online; Europa World Online; Hiperderecho; Infobae; Lima Easy; Llama.pe; Peru – Biblioteca Nacional del Perú; Peru21; Political Handbook of the World; Privacy International; World Bank.