Responses to Information Requests

Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

1. Cost of Living

According to Mexico's Federal Mortgage Corporation (Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal, SHF), its national housing price index [1] increased by 11.5 percent in the second quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 (Mexico 2023-08-10, 2). The same source lists changes in the price index between January 2023 and June 2023 by category of home, as follows:

• Single-detached house, 11.8 percent increase;
• Condominium and apartment, 11.4 percent increase;
• Low-cost and social housing, 11.1 percent increase; and
• Middle-income and residential housing [2], 11.9 percent increase (Mexico 2023-08-10, 2).

Based on figures from a national survey on occupation and employment conducted by Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) [3] and published in May 2023, DataMéxico [4] provides the following statistics on average monthly salaries in the first quarter of 2023:

(Mexico n.d.c; Mexico n.d.d; Mexico n.d.e; Mexico n.d.f; Mexico n.d.g; Mexico n.d.h)

A 2022 national survey on household income and spending from INEGI provides the following information on average household income:

(Mexico 2023-07-26a, 13, 14; Mexico 2023-07-26b, 17; Mexico 2023-07-26c, 17; Mexico 2023-07-26d, 17; Mexico 2023-07-26e, 17; Mexico 2023-07-26f, 17)

The same income and spending survey provides the following average quarterly expenditures per household by category of item:

(Mexico 2023-07-26a, 27; Mexico 2023-07-26b, 27; Mexico 2023-07-26c, 27; Mexico 2023-07-26d, 27; Mexico 2023-07-26e, 27; Mexico 2023-07-26f, 27)

2. Mexico City (National Capital)

According to a report on the results of a 2020 population and housing census by INEGI for Mexico City, the national capital's population is 9,209,944, with 4,805,017 women and 4,404,927 men (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 3-4). In a sociodemographic overview of Mexico City using the results of the 2020 population and housing census, INEGI indicates that the population density of Mexico City is 6,163.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (Mexico 2021a, 8). The 2020 census report for Mexico City indicates that the median age is 35 (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 9). According to the sociodemographic overview of Mexico City, the marital status breakdown for the population is as follows:

• Married, 29.9 percent;
• Single, 38.1 percent;
• Common-law, 17.2 percent;
• Separated, 6.1 percent;
• Divorced, 3.1 percent; and
• Widowed, 5.4 percent (Mexico 2021a, 9).

According to the 2020 census report for Mexico City states that 9.2 percent of the population aged 3 years and above [translation] "self-identifies as Indigenous" (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 44). The sociodemographic overview of Mexico City indicates that 2.05 percent of the population [translation] "self-identifies as Afro-Mexican, Black, or Afro-descendant" (Mexico 2021a, 8). Citing results from the 2020 census, DataMéxico states that 1.42 percent of the population aged 15 and over in Mexico City is illiterate; among this group, 31.3 percent are men and 68.7 percent are women (Mexico n.d.d).

2.1 Employment and Economic Sectors

The 2020 census report for Mexico City states that 74.3 percent of men and 55.6 percent of women aged 12 and over are in the labour force, a total of 64.4 percent of the population over the age of 12 (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 79). INEGI's sociodemographic overview of Mexico City indicates that 97.8 percent of the labour force is employed: 97.4 percent of men and 98.2 percent of women (Mexico 2021a, 9). The same source indicates that 35.4 percent of the population aged 12 and over is not active in the economy and gives the following breakdown of that group:

• Students, 37.1 percent;
• Homemakers, 34.3 percent;
• Pensioners or retirees, 16.8 percent;
• People with a physical or mental disability that prevents them from working, 2.8 percent; and
• People [translation] "in other non-economic activities," 9.0 percent (Mexico 2021a, 9).

The information on Mexico City in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in its national employment survey report for the first quarter of 2023:

The unemployment rate of the population aged 15 years and older was 3.7 percent. The informal employment rate [5] was 49 percent. The employment rate in the informal sector [6] was 32.5 percent. The [translation] "main" economic sector was retail, which accounted for 19.9 percent of the city's economic activity (Mexico 2023-05, 3, 16, 22, 24, 31).

The 2020 census report for Mexico City indicates that 0.6 percent of jobholders work in the agricultural sector, 13.3 percent work in the industrial and construction sector, and 82 percent work in the trade and services sector (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 81). The same source indicates that the working population breaks down as follows:

• 71 percent are salaried workers
• 3.4 percent are employers
• 24.2 percent are self-employed
• 1.3 percent are workers without pay (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 82).

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the INEGI employment survey, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the labour force in Mexico City in the first quarter of 2023 [7]:

(Mexico n.d.d)

The same source indicates that, in Mexico City in the first quarter of 2023, the largest proportion of male workers (5.94 percent) worked as bus, taxi, truck and passenger car drivers while the largest proportion of women (7.46 percent) worked in the category of sales employees, "[d]ispatchers," and others "[d]ependent" on trade (Mexico n.d.d).

2.2 Crime Rates

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System (Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública, SESNSP), the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the most common criminal complaints made in Mexico City in May 2023 [8]:

(Mexico n.d.d)

DataMéxico further indicates that 19,897 criminal complaints were made in May 2023 (Mexico n.d.d). In a 2023 report assessing "peacefulness" in Mexico, the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) [9], "primarily" using data on homicides, violent crime, organized crime, firearms crime, and detentions without a sentence published by the SESNSP, ranks Mexico City as 17th out of 32 states in "level of peacefulness" (IEP 2023-05, 72, 9).

For more information on crime in Mexico City, see Response to Information Request MEX200732 of September 2021.

2.3 Housing

The 2020 census report for Mexico City states that 55.6 percent of dwellings in the city are owned by the occupants, 24.5 percent are rented, and 19.9 percent are [translation] "borrowed or in another situation" (Mexico 2021-01-25a, 144). The Federal Mortgage Corporation reports that its housing price index for Mexico City increased by 13.1 percent in the first half of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 (Mexico 2023-08-10, 4). Interviewed for a New York Times article on Mexico City real estate, the general director of ForHouse, "an agency that specializes in working with foreign buyers," stated that "finding rentals is very difficult – there are not a lot of apartments available" (2022-11-16). Additionally, the New York Times article reports that local residents of Mexico City are experiencing an increase in rental prices and "changing neighborhoods" due to the "rise of Airbnb and a tighter market overall" (2022-11-16). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

Citing results from the 2020 census, the sociodemographic overview of Mexico City provides the following statistics on access to services and goods by household:

(Mexico 2021a, 8)

3. Mérida (Capital of Yucatán State)

The information on Mérida in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in a sociodemographic overview of Yucatán State based on the results of the 2020 census:

The population is 995,129, which represents 42.9 percent of Yucatán State's total population; 51.8 percent of residents are women and 48.2 percent are men. The population density is 1,138.1 inhabitants per square kilometre. The median age is 33. The marital status breakdown for the population is as follows:

• Married, 39 percent;
• Single, 35 percent;
• Common-law, 13.3 percent;
• Separated, 4.6 percent;
• Divorced, 3.3 percent; and
• Widowed, 4.7 percent (Mexico 2021b, 114, 115).

According to the 2020 census report for Yucatán State, 65.2 percent of the population aged 3 and above [translation] "self-identifies as Indigenous" (Mexico 2021-01-25b, 44). The sociodemographic overview for Yucatán State indicates that 2.84 percent of Mérida's population [translation] "self-identifies as Afro-Mexican, Black or Afro-descendant" (Mexico 2021b, 114). Citing results from the 2020 census, DataMéxico reports that 2.04 percent of the population aged 15 and over in Mérida is illiterate; among this group, 36.3 percent are men and 63.7 percent are women (Mexico n.d.e).

3.1 Employment and Economic Sectors

INEGI's sociodemographic overview for Yucatán State, citing results from the 2020 census, indicates that 63.2 percent of the population aged 12 and above in Mérida is [translation] "economically active"; 56.0 percent of the labour force consists of men and 44.0 percent of women (Mexico 2021b, 115). According to the same source, 98.7 percent of economically active individuals are employed, 98.5 percent of men and 98.9 percent of women (Mexico 2021b, 115).

The source further indicates that 36.6 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Mérida is not active in the economy and gives the following breakdown of that group:

• Students, 37.7 percent;
• Homemakers, 35.1 percent;
• Pensioners or retirees, 17.5 percent;
• People with a physical or mental disability that prevents them from working, 3.3 percent; and
• People [translation] "in other non-economic activities," 6.4 percent (Mexico 2021b, 115).

The information on Mérida in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in its national employment survey report for the first quarter of 2023:

The unemployment rate of the population aged 15 years and older was 2.5 percent. The informal employment rate was 49.4 percent. The employment rate in the informal sector was 25.5 percent. The [translation] "main" economic sector was retail, which accounted for 16.8 percent of the city's economic activity (Mexico 2023-05, 3, 16, 22, 24, 31).

The 2020 census report for Yucatán State indicates that 9.1 percent of jobholders work in the agricultural sector, 24.5 percent work in the industrial and construction sector, and 65.2 percent work in the trade and services sector (Mexico 2021-01-25b, 81). The same source indicates that the working population breaks down as follows:

• 70.8 percent are salaried workers
• 3.4 percent are employers
• 22.6 percent are self-employed
• 3.2 percent are workers without pay (Mexico 2021-01-25b, 82).

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the INEGI employment survey, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the labour force in Yucatán State in the first quarter of 2023:

(Mexico n.d.e)

DataMéxico further indicates that, in Yucatán State in the first quarter of 2023, the largest proportion of men in the workforce (7.7 percent) worked as bricklayers, stonemasons and in related careers (Mexico n.d.e). The same source reports that for women, the largest proportion—8.9 percent of the female workforce—worked in the category of sales employees, "[d]ispatchers," and those "[d]ependent" on trade (Mexico n.d.e).

3.2 Crime Rates

The IEP peace index report states that Mérida has the lowest homicide rate in the country with 1.03 per 100,000 people (IEP 2023-05, 28). The same source ranks Yucatán State 1st of 32 states in "level of peacefulness" (IEP 2023-05, 9).

Information on criminal complaints made in Mérida could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. For information on crime in Mérida, see Response to Information Request MEX200732 of September 2021.

3.3 Housing

The 2020 census report for Yucatán State indicates that 76.5 percent of dwellings in the state are owned by the occupants, 11.6 percent are rented, and 11.8 percent are [translation] "borrowed or in another situation" (Mexico 2021-01-25b, 144). The Federal Mortgage Corporation reports that its housing price index for Mérida increased by 11.7 percent in the first half of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 (Mexico 2023-08-10, 5).

Citing results from the 2020 census, the sociodemographic overview for Yucatán State provides the following statistics on access to services and goods in households in Mérida:

(Mexico 2021b, 114)

4. Puebla (also known as Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza) (Capital of Puebla State)

The information on the city of Puebla in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in a sociodemographic overview of Puebla State based on the results of the 2020 census:

The population is 1,692,181, which represents 26 percent of Puebla State's total population; 52.2 percent of residents are women and 47.8 percent are men. The population density is 3,161.2 inhabitants per square kilometre. The median age is 31. The marital status breakdown for the population is as follows:

• Married, 31 percent;
• Single, 37.6 percent;
• Common-law, 18.4 percent;
• Separated, 6 percent;
• Divorced, 2.3 percent; and
• Widowed, 4.7 percent (Mexico 2021c, 252).

According to the 2020 census report for Puebla State, 33.1 percent of the state's population aged 3 and above [translation] "self-identifies as Indigenous" (Mexico 2021-01-25c, 44). The sociodemographic overview for Puebla State indicates that 2.31 percent of Puebla city's population [translation] "self-identifies as Afro-Mexican, Black or Afro-descendant" (Mexico 2021c, 252). Citing results from the 2020 census, DataMéxico states that 2.32 percent of the population aged 15 and over in the city of Puebla is illiterate; among this group, 32.6 percent are men and 67.4 percent are women (Mexico n.d.f).

4.1 Employment and Economic Sectors

INEGI's sociodemographic overview for Puebla State, citing results from the 2020 census, indicates that 62.2 percent of the population aged 12 and above in the city of Puebla is "economically active"; 56.1 percent of the labour force consists of men and 43.9 percent of women (Mexico 2021c, 253). The same source indicates that 97.7 percent of economically active individuals are employed, 97.3 percent of men and 98.2 percent of women (Mexico 2021c, 253).

The same source indicates that 37.6 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Puebla is not active in the economy and gives the following breakdown of that group:

• Students, 41.1 percent;
• Homemakers, 38 percent;
• Pensioners or retirees, 12.2 percent;
• People with a physical or mental disability that prevents them from working, 2.3 percent; and
• People [translation] "in other non-economic activities," 6.5 percent (Mexico 2021c, 253).

The information on Puebla city in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in its national employment survey report for the first quarter of 2023:

The unemployment rate of the population age 15 years old and older was 3.6 percent. The informal employment rate was 51.5 percent. The employment rate in the informal sector was 27 percent. The [translation] "main" economic sector was retail, which accounted for 18.9 percent of the city's economic activity (Mexico 2023-05, 3, 16, 22, 24, 31).

The 2020 census report for Puebla State indicates that 18 percent of jobholders work in the agricultural sector, 25.4 percent work in the industrial and construction sector, and 55.4 percent work in the trade and services sector (Mexico 2021-01-25c, 81). The same source indicates that the working population breaks down as follows:

• 67.7 percent are salaried workers
• 2.4 percent are employers
• 24.4 percent are self-employed
• 5.5 percent are workers without pay (Mexico 2021-01-25c, 82).

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to INEGI's employment survey, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the labour force in Puebla State in the first quarter of 2023:

(Mexico n.d.f)

The same source indicates that, in Puebla State the first quarter of 2023, the largest proportion of male jobholders (9.7 percent) worked as agricultural support workers; for women, the largest proportion (10.9 percent) worked as domestic workers (Mexico n.d.f).

4.2 Crime Rates

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the SESNSP, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the most common criminal complaints made in the city of Puebla in May 2023:

(Mexico n.d.f)

The same source indicates that 2,731 criminal complaints were made in May 2023 (Mexico n.d.f). The IEP ranks Puebla 13th of 32 states in "level of peacefulness" (IEP 2023-05, 9).

4.3 Housing

The 2020 census report for Puebla State indicates that 70 percent of dwellings in the state are owned by the occupants, 15.3 percent are rented, and 14.7 percent are [translation] "borrowed or in another situation" (Mexico 2021-01-25c, 144). The Federal Mortgage Corporation reports that its housing price index for Puebla city increased by 7.6 percent in the first half of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 (Mexico 2023-08-10, 5).

Citing results from the 2020 census, the sociodemographic overview for Puebla State provides the following statistics on access to services and goods in households in the city of Puebla:

(Mexico 2021c, 252)

5. Campeche (also known as San Francisco de Campeche) (Capital of Campeche State)

The information on Campeche city in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in a sociodemographic overview of Campeche State based on the results of the 2020 census:

The population is 294,077, which represents 31.7 percent of Campeche State's total population; 51.9 percent of residents are women and 48.1 percent are men. The population density is 91.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (Mexico 2021d, 14). The median age is 31. The marital status breakdown for the population is as follows:

• Married, 39.1 percent;
• Single, 32.9 percent;
• Common-law, 14.6 percent;
• Separated, 4.5 percent;
• Divorced, 4.1 percent; and
• Widowed, 4.7 percent (Mexico 2021d, 14).

According to the 2020 census report for Campeche State, 47.3 percent of Campeche city's population aged 3 and above [translation] "self-identifies as Indigenous" (Mexico 2021-01-25d, 44). The sociodemographic overview for Campeche State indicates that 2.31 percent of Campeche city's population [translation] "self-identifies as Afro-Mexican, Black or Afro-descendant" (Mexico 2021d, 14). Citing results from the 2020 census, DataMéxico states that 3.3 percent of the population aged 15 and over in the city of Campeche is illiterate; among this group, 38.5 percent are men and 61.5 percent are women (Mexico n.d.g).

5.1 Employment and Economic Sectors

The sociodemographic overview for Campeche State from INEGI, citing results from the 2020 census, indicates that 62.3 percent of the population aged 12 and above in the city of Campeche is [translation] "economically active"; 56.2 percent of the labour force consists of men and 43.8 percent of women (Mexico 2021d, 15). The same source indicates that 98.4 percent of economically active individuals are employed, 98.1 percent of men and 98.8 percent of women (Mexico 2021d, 15).

The same source indicates that 37.5 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Campeche is not active in the economy and gives the following breakdown of that group:

• Students, 37.9 percent;
• Homemakers, 36.7 percent;
• Pensioners or retirees, 15 percent;
• People with a physical or mental disability that prevents them from working, 4.3 percent; and
• People [translation] "in other non-economic activities," 6.2 percent (Mexico 2021d, 15).

The information on Campeche city in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in its national employment survey report for the first quarter of 2023:

The unemployment rate of the population aged 15 years and older was 2.2 percent. The informal employment rate was 46.9 percent. The employment rate in the informal sector was 23.9 percent. The [translation] "main" economic sector was retail, which accounted for 18.5 percent of the city's economic activity (Mexico 2023-05, 3, 16, 22, 24, 31).

The 2020 census report for Campeche State indicates that 17.5 percent of jobholders work in the agricultural sector, 17.6 percent work in the industrial and construction sector, and 63.2 percent work in the trade and services sector (Mexico 2021-01-25d, 81). The same source indicates that the working population breaks down as follows:

• 69 percent are salaried workers
• 3 percent are employers
• 23.4 percent are self-employed
• 4.7 percent are workers without pay (Mexico 2021-01-25d, 82).

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the INEGI employment survey, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the labour force in Campeche State in the first quarter of 2023:

(Mexico n.d.g)

The same source indicates that, in Campeche State in the first quarter of 2023, the largest proportion of men (10.6 percent of the male workforce) were bean and/or corn industry workers, while for women, the largest proportion (9.1 percent) worked as "[t]raders in [s]tores" (Mexico n.d.g).

5.2 Crime Rates

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the SESNSP, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the most common criminal complaints made in the city of Campeche in May 2023:

(Mexico n.d.g)

The same source indicates that 1,132 criminal complaints were made in Campeche city in May 2023 (Mexico n.d.g).

The IEP reports that violent crimes in the State of Campeche rose by 261 percent from 2021 to 2022, and organized crime in the State of Campeche rose by 103 percent over the same time period (2023-05, 20). The same source ranks Campeche as 9th of 32 states in "level of peacefulness" (IEP 2023-05, 9).

For more information on crime in Campeche, see Response to Information Request MEX200732 of September 2021.

5.3 Housing

The 2020 census report for Campeche State indicates that 72.6 percent of dwellings in the state are owned by the occupants, 12.8 percent are rented, and 12.9 percent are [translation] "borrowed or in another situation" (Mexico 2021-01-25d, 144). The Federal Mortgage Corporation reports that its housing price index for Campeche city increased by 12.6 percent in the first half of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 (Mexico 2023-08-10, 5).

Citing results from the 2020 census, the sociodemographic overview for Campeche State provides the following statistics on access to services and goods in households in the city of Campeche:

(Mexico 2021d, 14)

6. Monterrey (Capital of Nuevo León State)

The information on Monterrey in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in a sociodemographic overview of Nuevo León State based on the results of the 2020 census:

The population is 1,142,994, which represents 19.8% of Nuevo León State's total population; 50.6 percent of residents are women and 49.4 percent are men. The population density is 3,523.3 inhabitants per square kilometre. The median age is 34. The marital status breakdown for the population is as follows:

• Married, 40.2 percent;
• Single, 36.2 percent;
• Common-law, 10.1 percent;
• Separated, 3.8 percent;
• Divorced, 3.4 percent; and
• Widowed, 5.9 percent (Mexico 2021e, 94, 95)

According to the 2020 census report for Nuevo León State, 6.4 percent of the population aged 3 and above [translation] "self-identifies as Indigenous" (Mexico 2021-01-25e, 44). The sociodemographic overview for Nuevo León State indicates that 1.79 percent of Monterrey's population [translation] "self-identifies as Afro-Mexican, Black or Afro-descendant" (Mexico 2021e, 94). Citing results from the 2020 census, DataMéxico states that 1.53 percent of the population aged 15 and over in Monterrey is illiterate; among this group, 42.1 percent are men and 57.9 percent are women (Mexico n.d.h).

6.1 Employment and Economic Sectors

INEGI's sociodemographic overview for Nuevo León State, citing results from the 2020 census, indicates that 60 percent of the population aged 12 and above in Monterrey is [translation] "economically active"; 59.1 percent of the labour force consists of men and 40.9 percent of women (Mexico 2021e, 95). According to the same source, 98.1 percent of economically active individuals are employed, 97.7 percent of men and 98.7 percent of women (Mexico 2021e, 95).

The same source indicates that 39.4 percent of the population aged 12 and over in Monterrey is not active in the economy and gives the following breakdown of that group:

• Students, 32 percent;
• Homemakers, 37.9 percent;
• Pensioners or retirees, 19.4 percent;
• People with a physical or mental disability that prevents them from working, 2.3 percent; and
• People [translation] "in other non-economic activities," 8.3 percent (Mexico 2021e, 95).

The information on Monterrey in the following paragraph was provided by INEGI in its national employment survey report for the first quarter of 2023:

The unemployment rate of the population age 15 years old and older is 3.2 percent. The informal employment rate was 34.2 percent. The employment rate in the informal sector was 20.6 percent. The city's [translation] "main" economic sector was the manufacturing industry, which accounted for 24.5 percent of the city's economic activity (Mexico 2023-05, 3, 16, 22, 24, 31).

The 2020 census report for Nuevo León State indicates that 1.5 percent of jobholders work in the agricultural sector, 31.5 percent work in the industrial and construction sector, and 63.4 percent work in the trade and services sector (Mexico 2021-01-25e, 81). The same source indicates that the working population breaks down as follows:

• 81.1 percent are salaried workers
• 3.1 percent are employers
• 14.6 percent are self-employed
• 1 percent are workers without pay (Mexico 2021-01-25e, 82).

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the INEGI employment survey, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the labour force in Nuevo León State in the first quarter of 2023:

(Mexico n.d.h)

The same source indicates that, in Nuevo León State in the first quarter of 2023, the largest proportion of male jobholders (6.06 percent) worked as truck, van, and cargo drivers, while for women the most common occupation category was domestic worker (6.63 percent of female jobholders) (Mexico n.d.h).

6.2 Crime Rates

Using information from DataMéxico attributed to the SESNSP, the Research Directorate calculated the following percentages for the most common criminal complaints made in Monterrey in May 2023:

(Mexico n.d.h)

The same source indicates that 2,051 criminal complaints were made in Monterrey in May 2023 (Mexico n.d.h). The IEP ranks Nuevo León 26th of 32 states in "level of peacefulness" (IEP 2023-05, 9).

6.3 Housing

The 2020 census report for Nuevo León State indicates that 73.7 percent of dwellings in the state are owned by the occupants, 16.8 percent are rented, and 9.4 percent are [translation] "borrowed or in another situation" (Mexico 2021-01-25e, 144). The Federal Mortgage Corporation reports that its housing price index increased by 11.7 percent in Monterrey in the first half of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 (Mexico 2023-08-10, 5).

Citing results from the 2020 census, the sociodemographic overview for Nuevo León State provides the following statistics on access to services and goods in households in Monterrey:

(Mexico 2021e, 94)

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Notes

[1] According to an article by Francisco José Zamudio Sánchez et al. published in INEGI's Reality, Data and Space International Journal of Statistics and Geography, the housing index maintained by Mexico's Federal Mortgage Corporation (Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal, SHF) only includes houses sold with mortgages (Zamudio Sánchez, et al. 2020-08, 41).

[2] Professor Aurora Poó Rubio, in an article on housing in Mexico published by the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, explains that the housing industry is divided into categories by [translation] "price and source of financing," and categories include middle-income (vivienda media or de tipo medio) and residential (residencial) (Poó Rubio 2007, 65). Middle-income housing [translation] "generally includes houses financed by banks for first- and second-time homebuyers," while "residential" houses "are generally financed by commercial banks for second- and third-time homebuyers" (Poó Rubio 2007, 65).

[3] Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) is the "autonomous public body" responsible for gathering and sharing information on Mexico's population, economy, territory and resources (Mexico n.d.a).

[4] DataMéxico is an online platform which presents data from a number of databases in a visual way and is administered by Mexico's Ministry of Economy (Mexico n.d.b).

[5] INEGI's May 2023 national survey on occupation and employment defines the informal employment rate as the [translation] "percentage of the working population that is occupationally vulnerable due to the nature of the economic unit for which they work and/or whose labour relationship or dependency does not give them access to social security or is not recognized by their source of work" (Mexico 2023-05, 32).

[6] INEGI defines the [translation] "rate of employment in the informal sector" as the percentage of the working population that works for a home-based economic entity that has not established itself as a company and is not identifiable independent of the household (Mexico 2023-05, 32).

[7] DataMéxico published raw data on labour force distribution by occupation from INEGI's 2023 employment survey in Excel format. The percentages provided in this Response to Information Request are based on calculations made by the Research Directorate using Excel.

[8] DataMéxico published raw data on criminal complaints from Mexico's Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System (Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública, SESNSP) in Excel format. The percentages provided in this Response to Information Request are based on calculations made by the Research Directorate using Excel.

[9] The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) is an international think tank based in Australia that researches the economic impact of violence, producing reports on the topic (IEP n.d.).

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Additional Sources Consulted

Internet sites, including: Austrian Red Cross – ecoi.net; Coalition for Urban Transitions; Council on Foreign Relations; Encyclopædia Britannica; Global Property Guide; Institute for Transportation and Development Policy; Mexico – Comisión Nacional de Vivienda, Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas; Mexico Daily News; Minority Rights Group International; Organization of American States; Reuters; Uppsala Universitet – Uppsala Conflict Data Program; World Bank.