Pakistan: The Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), including whether it has been responsible for any human rights violations (January 2003 - September 2005)
Background
Founded in 1941 by Abdul A'ala Maududi, the Jamaat-i-Islami (JI) is Pakistan's largest fundamentalist party (Asia Times 5 Dec. 2003; Political Parties of the World 2005 2005, 457; Europa 2005 2005, 3357). The teachings of Maududi, who was also a well-known South Asian scholar, led to the evolution of JI as a separate Sunni group (ICG 18 Apr. 2005, 3; ibid. 20 Mar. 2003, 7). According to a 2003 report by the International Crisis Group (ICG), "[i]n many ways the JI is the main architect of official Islam in Pakistan. ... Maududi['s] ... influence is visible in revivalist movements across the Muslim world" (ibid.). In 2005, ICG reported that
[a]ll other Sunni subsects criticise Maududi's school for its modernism and lack of adherence to any of the established orthodox schools, though in its theological orientation, the JI has much in common with the Hanafi school (18 Apr. 2005, 3).
According to Political Parties of the World 2005, the JI is "midway between the Deobandi and Barelvi sects [of Islam] and to some degree espouses the notion of Islamic unity by exploring contacts with Shia groups" (2005, 458).
The JI has chapters in Bangladesh and India and, according to ICG, has links with the Ikhwanul Muslimeen, the Islamic Brotherhood of Egypt (20 Mar. 2003, 7). Its student wing is the Islami Jamiat-i-Talaba (Asia Times 5 Dec. 2003) and its youth wing is Shabab-i-Milli (Dawn 15 May 2005). In April 2005 the Pakistani newspaper Ausaf identified the following as subsidiary organizations of the JI: Shahab-i-Milli, Jamiat Talaba-i-Arabia, Jamiat Ittehad Ulema Board, National Labour Federation, Pakistan Islamic Medical Association, Pakistan Business Forum, Tahrik-i-Mehnat Pakistan, and the Islamic Directorate of Education (12 Apr. 2005). The JI also runs 14 charity organizations, which include Al Khidmat Foundation, Kashmir Fund, Chechnya Fund, Ghazali Fund, Kosovo Fund, Ethiopia Fund, Martyrs of Islam Fund, Baitul Muqadas [Jerusalem] Fund, Kashmir Sustenance Fund, and Aid Foundation (Ausaf 12 April 2005). Further, the JI operates the Rabita-al Madaris, one of the five madrasa unions in Pakistan (ICG 18 Apr. 2005, 4; Ausaf 12 Apr. 2005). It is estimated that the JI operates approximately 700 madrasas in Pakistan (ICG 18 Apr. 2005, 6).
The head of the JI is Qazi Hussain Ahmad (also spelled Ahmed), who in April 2004 was re-elected leader of the JI for a fifth term for a period of five years ending in 2009 (The News 1 Apr. 2004; FBIS 6 Apr. 2004).
JI was designed along "communist party lines" demanding that its members have a "'firm ideological commitment, high character and total dedication'" (ICG 20 Mar. 2003, 9). Because of its high standards of dedication, it has become "the most organised and dynamic political party in Pakistan" (ibid.; ibid. 18 Apr. 2005, 32), and the "most powerful religious lobby" in Pakistan in respect of its "organisational capability, media skills, political experience and influence within state institutions and in society" (ibid. 20 Mar. 2003, 6). Similarly, Political Parties of the World 2005 describes the JI in the following manner:
[b]ased largely on the urban intellectual, professional and business classes the JI is foremost amongst the religious parties in organizational, financial and media skills, and has indeed been described as the best organized political party in Pakistan (2005, 458).
Ideology
The JI "seek[s] to purify Islam and restore it to its pristine form" (IGC 18 Apr. 2005, 2,3). Politically, it aims to establish a government, constitution and law in Pakistan that are based on Islamic law (The Boston Globe 9 Nov. 2001; ICG 20 Mar. 2003, 7; Europa 2005 2005, 3357). According to the Boston Globe, JI "wants to win an Islamic state through elections, not violence" (9 Nov. 2001). The JI is also against United States' (US) interference in Pakistan's "national solidarity and territorial integrity" (PakTribune 15 Jan. 2005; Asia Times 5 Dec. 2003), is "against the ongoing repression in the tribal areas and [is] in support of the rights of the tribal people" in Pakistan (Khabrain 7 June 2004).
JI is a dominant member of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), an alliance of six religious parties (AFP 27 June 2003; Asia Times 5 Dec. 2003; IGC 18 Apr. 2005, 32; Dawn 30 July 2005). As at April 2005, the MMA ruled the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and ruled Baluchistan in a coalition government (IGC 18 April 2005, 32; AFP 27 June 2003). According to the ICG, the MMA programme "runs counter to President Musharraf's pledges of reform" (20 Mar. 2003, i). Among its objectives are a desire to end "co-education, [as] a first step towards the total segregation of women in public life, and [to add] Islamic texts to school and college curricula" (ICG 20 Mar. 2003, ii). In respect of women, the president of the MMA and amir of the JI, Qazi Hussain Ahmad, claimed that the JI and the MMA promote and protect the rights of women (PakTribune 16 May 2005). However, he also noted that
...men and women are given equal status in Islam but at the same time they are expected to perform different roles.
[the] MMA movement ... expect[s] [women] to preserve stability of [the] institution of family (ibid.).
In August 2005, the JI, the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and the Awami National Party "entered into agreements in various union councils of the Swat district [of Peshawar] to bar women from polling" in local elections (Dawn 26 Aug. 2005).
JI Secretary General Syed Munawar Hassan has said that the MMA "believes in peace and tranquility on national affairs"; however, "'provocative acts by the government'" such as sending Pakistani troops to Iraq to help United States forces "were forcing people and political force[s] to adopt the way of protest and agitation" (PPI 3 July 2003).
JI is also a "key member" of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) (Dawn 1 July 2002), an "umbrella organization of parties fighting for freedom in Kashmir" (ibid. 1 Aug. 2000). Ghulam Mohammed Bhat, a JI chief, explained that "'Jamaat doesn't believe in unlawful activity. Ours is a democratic setup'" (ibid. 1 July 2002).
Frédéric Grare, the Director of Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH), a New Delhi-based research centre studying issues of development in India and South Asia (Grare 2001, 2), argues in his book Political Islam in the Indian Subcontinent: The Jamaat-i-Islami that the JI moves back and forth between following "an ideology with totalitarian consequences," and using democracy as its "means of ... political survival" (ibid., 123-124). Grare also suggests that in the "confront[ation] with authoritarian regimes," the need to use democracy in order to survive politically creates a "deadlock" that frustrates some Islamist parties, including the JI's student branch, the Islami Jamiat-i-Tulabah, into resorting to violence, which the JI has attempted to curtail (ibid., 124). At the same time, however, Grare suggests that the group's need for a share in the power of the country's leadership causes it to restrict its use of violence (ibid.).
In June 2003, the JI received a visiting delegation of politicians from India's parliament "in a move which 'shocked' Islamic militants" (AFP 25 June 2003). Agence France Presse (AFP) reported that the JI was "apparently shedding its hardline policy towards India [and] said ... it supported peace initiatives between the rival nuclear neighbours" (ibid.).
On its Website, the JI outlines a number of conditions that must be fulfilled by persons wishing to become its members (JI n.d.a). The eighth condition provides the following:
(8) The Jamaat-i-Islami is devoted to peaceful and upright means of struggle and a strict adherence to this principle marks its whole history. ... It devoutly disdains violence and bloodshed (ibid.).
In laying out its vision for Pakistan on its Website, JI declares that it is "committed to the sincere and effective pursuit of [various] guiding principles of state policy" (ibid. n.d.b). One of these is that "[p]olitical power must be exercised within the laid down framework"; that is, it must be exercised "on behalf of the community through the process of mutual consultation" (ibid.).
However, JI outlines its "defence policy" as follows:
Defence of Islam and Muslim lands is the sacred duty of all Muslims. While Islam stands for peace, it also enjoins us to be ever ready to deter and repulse aggression. To fulfil this duty, the Jamaat undertakes to:
- Develop Pakistan defence potentials to the maximum, using all appropriate modes including nuclear option.
- Strive for the earliest achievement of self-sufficiency in defence production.
- Establish the closest possible co-operation with the Muslim world in every field of defence activity.
- Consider aggression against any Muslim country as aggression against the entire Muslim world.
- Strive to get back every inch of land that belongs to us (ibid.).
For additional or more detailed information on the JI, including its objectives, goals, approach, vision, commitment, strategy for change, constitution, leadership, organization and founding leaders, please refer to its Website at <http://www.jamaat.org/overview/>.
Human Rights Violations by Jamaat-i-Islami (JI)
In November 2003, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), alleged that the JI was pursuing a campaign of extortion in which its activists were "collecting money forcibly from traders and citizens" for a "Jihad Fund" (The News 20 Nov. 2003). No additional information regarding these allegations could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. Other allegations that the JI has links with "international terrorists and al-Qaeda" or that its activists are involved in "acts of terrorism" were also made by the MQM throughout 2005 (Dawn 14 Aug. 2005; ibid. 23 Aug. 2005; ibid. 17 May 2005; PakTribune 25 Apr. 2005). However, reports of arrests or other action taken by Pakistani authorities as a result of these allegations could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
Other reports of instances of human rights violations committed by the JI could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
Links to Terrorism
According to Dawn, the JI is "regarded as the political arm of the Hizbul Mujahideen [(HM)] militant group" (1 July 2002). Meanwhile, other reports identify the HM as JI's "jihadi wing" (ICG 18 Apr. 2005, 12; Ausaf 12 Apr. 2005) or JI's "militant wing" (US 3 Nov. 2003; FAS 28 May 2004). However, the JI has "disputed the US State Department's description of the HM as its militant wing" (SAAG 29 May 2003).
Founded in 1989, the HM is "the largest Kashmiri militant group [that] officially supports the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir and its accession to Pakistan" (FAS 28 May 2004). The HM is led by Syed Salahuddin and is composed mainly of ethnic Kashmiris (ibid.). According to the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), the HM "occasionally strikes at civilian targets in Kashmir but has not engaged in terrorist acts elsewhere" (ibid.).
Although JI claims to be "strongly against sectarianism, subversion, and terrorism, and appreciate[s] every effort for the elimination of terrorism" (Khabrain 15 Apr. 2000), JI "also support[ed] the Taliban regime and insists that Jews planned the attack on the World Trade Center" (The Boston Globe 9 Nov. 2001).
During a large demonstration in early 2003 organized by the JI to protest US threats against Iraq, some JI leaders allegedly "threatened to declare jihad against the United States if it attacked Iraq" (Al-Majallah 12-18 Jan. 2003). Speaking about these threats in an interview, Qazi Hussain Ahmad clarified his group's position, saying that
"I did not make such a threat. The Shaykh who said that during the recent demonstration meant jihad as a comprehensive political term through which we [JI] seek to make the changes we desire. It does not mean carrying weapons against the United States. We do not have the capability to do that. We did not have the capability during the US war against Afghanistan" (ibid.).
As at March 2003, four of the twenty-two most wanted members of Al-Qaeda were arrested while in the homes of JI activists (Dawn 4 Mar. 2003). Despite this, Pakistan's federal information minister, Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, declared that the JI is "'not a terrorist outfit,'" but rather "a responsible politico-religious party" (ibid.). In addition, a high ranking official of Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) stated that the JI "was not suspected of having links with Al Qaeda," while adding that individuals belonging to the JI may be involved with the group "on their own" (ibid. 13 Mar. 2003).
However, in August 2004, following the arrests of other al-Qaeda members, particularly Khalid Sheikh Mohammad, at the homes of JI leaders and activists, the former minister of interior, Faisal Saleh Hayat accused the JI of "direct involvement with terror networks" (ICG 18 Apr. 2005, 5; PakTribune 16 Aug. 2004; Dawn 17 Aug. 2004; see also ibid. 30 July 2005).
In August 2005, four individuals who were affiliated with the JI and its student wing were arrested on charges of "trying to create terror in Karachi" (The News 16 Aug. 2005). According to a news report, the men had created their own group of 20 people tasked with killing "important personalities to create [a] law and order situation" (ibid.). Additional information on these arrests could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
2003 reports indicated that US intelligence officers were unclear about the relationship between the JI and Al-Qaeda and so were making "detailed enquiries" into possible links (SAAG 29 May 2003). In May 2003, the US placed the HM of the JI on a watch list of terrorist organizations (AFP 13 May 2003), and as at October 2004, US investigations into such links were continuing (Indian News 17 Oct. 2004). The JI was not listed as a terrorist group in the US Department of State report Country Reports on Terrorism 2004 (US Apr. 2005, 92).
In September 2001, ITAR-TASS reported that, "[i]n the opinion of Russian secret services the Islamic fundamentalist organization Jamaat-i-Islami ... in view of its financial and organizational potentials, may be behind terrorist acts in the USA" (12 Sept. 2001). The report added that, according to the Russian Federal Security Service,
... the masterminding and sponsoring [of] a chain of explosions of residential houses in Moscow and Volgodonsk two years ago [in 1999] had been traced to that radical group [JI] with the headquarters in Afghanistan and branches in the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. Some 230 people were ... killed by the explosions (ITAR-TASS 12 Sept. 2001).
In February 2003, Russia's Supreme Court "blacklisted 15 radical Islamic organizations operating in Russia and abroad," including the Jamaat-i-Islami (Pakistan) (ITAR-TASS 14 Feb. 2003).
Qazi Hussain Ahmad maintained that the JI has no links with al-Qaeda or any other terrorist network (Indian News 17 Oct. 2004).
According to information posted on the Website of the South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG), the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) October 2002 election manifesto indicated that
... if it came to power it would assist the jihad being waged by the people of the Southern Philippines, the Arakan area of Myanmar, the Jammu and Kashmir area of India, Palestine and the Chechen area of Russia (5 Aug. 2005).
SAAG noted that since the release of the manifesto, the MMA has also added Southern Thailand to the list of countries in which Muslims are engaged in jihad and to whom the MMA would provide assistance (ibid.).
In March 2005, PakTribune reported that the government was "seriously" considering the imposition of a ban against the JI because "it is inciting people [to] sedition against [the] government" (31 Mar. 2005). The news report indicated that according to government sources, the JI was considered to be a "constant source of trouble" that was responsible for "day-to-day strike calls and anti-government drives, which had paralysed all state machinery" (PakTribune 31 Mar. 2005). By April 2005, the government of Pakistan was demanding detailed records of JI's activities (including public meetings and rallies), court cases against its leaders, details of members of HM, Al Badr Mojahedin and Hizb-i-Islami (including their offices), details of funds acquisition and utilization, and details on individuals who were associated with the jihad in Afghanistan and Kashmir (Ausaf 12 Apr. 2005). Information on the outcome of the demands could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
Human Rights Violations Against Jamaat-I-Islami
Speaking with a reporter in August 2002, Qazi Hussain Ahmad stated that the police "arrest us, release us, and then arrest us again. I am not alone in this; all the leaders of the religious parties are being treated in this way. But we have been used to this kind of treatment throughout the past few years" (Al-Majallah 4-10 Aug. 2002).
The following are examples of treatment of members, supporter and activists of the JI by police, military, government bodies and unidentified individuals:
January 2003 - The home of JI's women's leader, Sabiha Shahid, was raided and her family members detained (The Pakistan Newswire 11 Jan. 2003). The arrest of the female members of her family, "who were not even allowed to wear veils," was termed a "violation of basic human rights" (ibid.).
9 January 2003 - A raid on the house of JI leader Shahid Ali Khan resulted in the arrest of three foreigners alleged to be Al-Qaeda members (Pakistan Observer 11 Jan. 2003). "[P]olice [have] prepared a comprehensive plan to crack down on JI to arrest the top leaders and activists in Karachi" (ibid.). In addition, "[a]ll police stations have been alerted for raids to be conducted at the residences of JI leaders and activists in case protest[s] and rallies are organized. ... [T]he Sindh government has received instructions from Islamabad to handle the JI agitation with [an] iron hand and as such police have been put on red alert" (ibid.).
6 February 2004 - JI district amir Azeem Randhawa and JI activist Abdul Kareem were arrested in Kotwali for "delivering provocative speeches against the government during a Kashmir Day rally" (Dawn 12 Feb. 2004).
17 July 2004 - Eight JI leaders, including the JI senior vice president Khursheed Ahmad were arrested after arriving at a check post on the way to a public meeting to protest the misuse of the Frontier Crimes Regulation and the military operation in the South Waziristan region (ibid. 18 July 2004).
1 April 2004 - Over 100 MMA workers were arrested in Rawalpindi after district police "launched a crackdown," which included the deployment of police outside JI offices (ibid. 2 Apr. 2005).
30 May 2005/1 June 2005 - The president of the Karachi chapter of JI, Aslam Mujahid, was murdered (PakTribune 30 May 2005; Dawn 2 June 2005).
19 July 2005 - Karachi police raided the offices of the Friday Special, an Urdu-language weekly publication that is a subsidiary of the daily Jasarat, which is a JI publication (IFEX 20 July 2005). The assistant editor Abdul Latif Abu Shamil was arrested (ibid.). The police claimed that the seizures and arrests were made because the publication (among others) contained "hate literature" which would "create religious disharmony" (ibid.).
16 August 2005 - Referring to arrests of JI workers in Karachi, the MMA criticized the MQM for "using the administrative machinery against the [MMA] alliance" (Dawn 17 Aug. 2005).
26 August 2005 - A police raid was carried out on a JI office in Hyderabad (Daily Times 26 Aug. 2005). According to Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the raid was carried out "under [the] MQM convener Dr Farooq Sattar's supervision" (ibid.).
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of additional sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
References
Agence France Presse (AFP). 27 June 2003. "AFP: Islamic Parties Rage at Possible Deployment of Pakistani Troops in Iraq." (Dialog)
_____. 25 June 2003. "Pakistani Islamic Fundamentalist Party Supports Peace with India." (Dialog)
_____. 13 May 2003. Tariq Naqash. "Rebel Commander Says Kashmir Truce Possible Only if India Pulls Back." (NEXIS)
Al-Majallah [London, in Arabic]. 12-18 January 2003. Mahmud Khalil. "Pakistan's Jamaat-i-Islami Leader on Ties with Musharraf, Al-Qa'ida." (FBIS-NES-2003-0117 21 Jan. 2003/Dialog)
_____. 4-10 August 2002. Abdallah Ahmad. "Pakistani JI Leader on Terrorism Accusations, Kashmir, Relations with Government." (FBIS-NES-2002-0808 12 Aug. 2002/Dialog)
Asia Times [Online, Thailand]. 5 December 2003. Syed Saleem Shahzad. "The Other Side of Radical Islam." (Dialog)
Ausaf [Islamabad, in Urdu]. 12 April 2005. Kamal Azfar. "Paper Says Pakistan Government Plans Operation Against Jamaat-i-Islami." (British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), International Reports/Dialog)
The Boston Globe. 9 November 2001. Anne Barnard. "Fighting Terror/The Military Campaign Islamist Movement: Religious Party Hopes to Shut Down Pakistan." (NEXIS)
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Daily Times. 26 August 2005. "Qazi Condemns Raid at JI Office in Hyderabad." <http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-8-2005_pg7_20> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
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_____. 17 August 2005. "MMA Alleges Govt Meddling in Polls." <http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/17/top6.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 14 August 2005. "Altaf Demands Ban on JI." <http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/14/nat10.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 30 July 2005. Omar R. Quraishi. "The MMA's Logic." <http://www.dawn.com/2005/07/30/fea.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 2 June 2005. "Karachi: Inquiry into Blast, Killing of JI Leader Ordered." <http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/local5.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
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_____. 2 April 2005. "Over 100 MMA Workers Arrested in Rawalpindi." <http://www.dawn.com/2005/04/02/nat4.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 17 August 2004. "JI Accused of Providing Shelter to Al Qaeda." <http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/17/top2.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 18 July 2004. "JI Men Held in Bajaur, Security Tightened." <http://www.dawn.com/2004/07/18/nat5.htm> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 12 February 2004. "Two MMA Leaders Released." <http://www.dawn.com> [Accessed 12 Feb. 2004]
_____. 13 March 2003. M. Ziauddin. "JI Not Suspected of Having Links with Al Qaeda: ISI." <http://www.dawn.com> [Accessed 13 Mar. 2003]
_____. 4 March 2003. "JI Not a Terrorist Outfit: Rashid." <http://www.dawn.com> [Accessed 4 Mar. 2003]
_____. 1 July 2002. Jawed Naqvi. "US Pressures APHC to Contest Polls." <http://www.dawn.com/2002/07/01/top2.htm> [Accessed 15 July 2003]
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FBIS Report. 6 April 2004. "Pakistan Weekly Roundup on Jihad, Terrorism 31 Mar - 6 Apr." (Dialog)
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Grare, Frédéric. 2001. Political Islam in the Indian Subcontinent: The Jamaat-i-Islami. New Delhi: Manohar - Centre de Sciences Humaines.
Indian News.17 October 2004. "Pak Probing JI's Links With Al Qaeda, Taliban." (Dialog)
International Crisis Group (ICG). 18 April 2005. The State of Sectarianism in Pakistan. IGC Asia Report, No. 95. <http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/south_asia/ 095_the_state_of_sectarianism_in_pakistan.pdf> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 20 March 2003. Pakistan: The Mullahs and the Military. IGC Asia Report, No. 49. <http://www.crisisweb.org/projects/asia/afghanistan_southasia/ reports/A400925_20032003.pdf> [Accessed 23 July 2003]
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ITAR-TASS [Moscow]. 14 February 2003. "Russia to Submit List of Islamic Terrorist Organizations to UNSC." (FBIS-SOV-2003-0214 19 Feb. 2003/WNC)
_____. 12 September 2001. "Russian Secret Services Link Jamiat-e Eslami to US Attacks." (FBIS-SOV-2001-0912 13 Sept. 2001/WNC)
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan (JI). n.d.a. "Objectives, Goals and Approach" <http://www.jamaat.org/overview/objectives.html> [Accessed 1 September 2005]
_____. n.d.b. "Vision and Commitment." <http://www.jamaat.org/overview/vision.html> [Accessed 1 September 2005]
Khabrain [Islamabad, in Urdu]. 7 June 2004. "Pakistan: JI Announces to Start Movement for Rights of Tribal People." (FBIS-NES-2004-0607 9 June 2004/WNC)
_____. 15 April 2000. "Leaders Criticize Interior Minister over Terrorism Remarks." (BBC Summary of World Broadcasts 17 Apr. 2000/NEXIS)
The News [Islamabad]. 16 August 2005. "Pakistan: Police Say Arrested Terrorists are JI Men." (WNC)
_____. 1 April 2004. "Pakistan: Qazi Hussain Reelected Jamaat-i-Islami Chief for 5th Term." (FBIS-NES-2004-0401 2 Apr. 2004/WNC)
_____. 20 November 2003. "Pakistan: MQM Asks Govt to Stop Jamaat-i-Islami from Collecting Jihad Fund." (FBIS-NES-2003-1120 21 Nov. 2003/WNC)
The Pakistan Newswire. 11 January 2003. "JI Women MNAs Criticize Arrest of JI Leader's Family." (NEXIS)
Pakistan Observer [Islamabad]. 11 January 2003. Ghulam Rabbani. "Pakistan Authorities Brace for Imminent Clash with Jamaat-i-Islami over FBI Raids." (Dialog)
Pakistan Press International (PPI). 3 July 2003. "JI Opposes Sending Pakistani Troops to Iraq." (Dialog)
PakTribune. 30 May 2005. "JI Worker Shot Dead." <http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=107510> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 16 May 2005. "MMA Struggling for Women's Rights: Qazi." <http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=105728> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 25 April 2005. "JI Using IJT to Sabotage Peace of Karachi: MQM." <http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=102967> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 31 March 2005. "Govt May Ban JI." <http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=99819> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 15 January 2005. "Qazi Lashes Out at Musharraf for Pro-US Policies." <http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=90659> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 16 August 2004. "Key Al-Qaeda Terrorists Arrested from JI Workers Houses Faisal." <http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=74189> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
Political Parties of the World 2005. 2005. 6th Edition. Edited by Bogdan Szajkowski. London: John Harper Publishing.
South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG). 5 August 2005. B. Raman. "Pakistani Madrasas: Questions and Answers." Paper No. 1487. <http://www.saag.org/papers15/paper1487.html> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
_____. 29 May 2003. B. Raman. "Jamaat-e-Islami, Hizbul Mujahideen and Al Qaeda." Paper No. 699. <http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper699.html> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
United States. 3 November 2003. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. K. Alan Kronstadt. "International Terrorism in South Asia." Federation of American Scientists (FAS) Website. <http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RS21658.pdf> [Accessed 26 Aug. 2005]
Additional Sources Consulted
Revolutionary & Dissident Movements of the World. 2004. 4th ed.
Internet sources, including: Amnesty International (AI), Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, European Country of Origin Information Network (ECOI), Freedom in the World 2004, Human Rights Watch (HRW), Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), International Religious Freedom Report 2003, South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP).