National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
29 August 2025
MONTENEGRO
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Source:
United Nations. Geospatial Information Section.
Date of Document:
1 July 2006
Accessed Date:
15 August 2025
Title:
Présentation du Monténégro
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
26 December 2023
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
13 August 2025
Accessed Date:
20 August 2025
Title:
Country profile: Montenegro
Source:
International Social Security Association
Date of Document:
1 July 2023
Accessed Date:
25 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. BTI 2024 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2024
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
Accessed Date:
26 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2025.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
April 2025
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Freedom in the World 2025.
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Nations in Transit 2024.
Author:
Milena Muk; Marko Sošić
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
National report submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 16/21: Montenegro
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/1
Date of Document:
8 February 2023
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro: Compilation of information
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
3 March 2023
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Summary of stakeholders' submissions on Montenegro
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
27 January 2023
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
Accessed Date:
18 May 2024
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Law on Montenegrin Citizenship (amended 2016)
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Law on Identity Card (amended 2019)
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Country Report: Montenegro
Source:
European University Institute. EUDO Citizenship Observatory.
Date of Document:
November 2012
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
20 August 2025
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Montenegro: Parliament.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Early Parliamentary Elections 11 June 2023. ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report.
Source:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
Date of Document:
11 December 2023
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
The Struggle Against Authoritarian Influence in the Western Balkans: Montenegro as a Test Case
Source:
National Endowment for Democracy. International Forum for Democratic Studies.
Date of Document:
August 2024
Author:
Vanja Ćalović Marković
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Law on Domestic Violence Protection
Accessed Date:
27 May 2013
Title:
Concluding observations on the third periodic report of Montenegro
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
6 June 2024
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Country Gender Assessment: Montenegro
Date of Document:
May 2024
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. WAVE Country Report 2023: The status and value of women's specialist services in preventing and tackling gender-based violence against women.
Source:
Women Against Violence Europe
Date of Document:
December 2023
Author:
Elena Floriani; Léa Dudouet
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Europe and Central Asia 2025.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. ILGA-Europe.
Date of Document:
February 2025
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
They say “I do” in Montenegro, and then leave the country
Date of Document:
22 November 2023
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Montenegro: Tier 2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
24 June 2024
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Montenegro.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
30 July 2025
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Accessed Date:
21 August 2025
8.
Military Service - (No items in this section)
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Margaret Satterthwaite, on her visit to Montenegro
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
12 April 2024
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Montenegro. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. International Religious Freedom Report for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
26 June 2024
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Fourth Opinion on Montenegro
Source:
Council of Europe. Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.
Date of Document:
10 October 2024
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Statelessness Index: Montenegro
Source:
European Network on Statelessness
Date of Document:
February 2023
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 31 May 2024:
Title:
Montenegro. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
8 May 2018
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mj.html
Accessed Date:
17 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
22 February 2018
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/montenegro/report-montenegro/
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. Freedom in the World 2016.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/montenegro
Accessed Date:
26 May 2017
Title:
Montenegro. Nations in Transit 2017.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2017/montenegro
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Law on Montenegrin Citizenship
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=555218f04
Accessed Date:
27 May 2013
Keywords:
children; citizenship; legislation; marriage; nationality
Title:
Law on Identity Card
URL:
http://www.gov.me/files/1207921654.doc
Accessed Date:
26 May 2014
Keywords:
citizenship; identity documents; legislation
Title:
Montenegro Reciprocity Schedule
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Montenegro.html
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Europe.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. ILGA-Europe.
Date of Document:
May 2017
URL:
http://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/Attachments/annual_review_2017_online.pdf
Accessed Date:
26 May 2017
Title:
Montenegro: Tier 2 Watch List. Trafficking in Persons Report 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2017
URL:
https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271246.htm
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. 2018 Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
12 February 2018
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=23506
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. International Religious Freedom Report for 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 May 2018
URL:
https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2017/eur/280940.htm
Accessed Date:
31 May 2018
Source:
United Nations. Cartographic Section.
URL:
http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/montenegro.pdf
Accessed Date:
26 May 2014
Title:
Serbie – Kosovo – Monténégro. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
URL:
http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/cartes/Serbie_-_Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9gro/1306159
Accessed Date:
6 November 2012
Title:
Monténégro. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
URL:
http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/montenegro.htm
Accessed Date:
13 April 2016
Keywords:
country overview; ethnic and national groups; legal system; legislation; map; minorities; religion; social services; statistics
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report. Montenegro: Country Focus.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
November 2016
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/587502094.html
Accessed Date:
10 April 2017
Title:
2. Political Criteria. Commission Staff Working Document. Montenegro 2016 Report.
Code:
SWD(2016) 360 final
Source:
European Union. European Commission.
Date of Document:
9 November 2016
URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2016/20161109_report_montenegro.pdf
Accessed Date:
26 May 2017
Title:
Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances: Mission to Montenegro
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
17 August 2015
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/55f7deaf4.html
Accessed Date:
13 April 2016
Keywords:
conflict; crime; disappeared persons; extralegal executions/killings; legislation; statistics
Title:
National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21: Montenegro
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/29/MNE/1
Date of Document:
6 November 2017
URL:
http://www.undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/29/MNE/1
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
I. Political Transformation. Transformation Index 2018 Country Report: Montenegro.
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
URL:
http://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2018/pdf/BTI_2018_Montenegro.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. Parliamentary Elections October 2016. OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report.
Source:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
Date of Document:
25 January 2017
URL:
http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/montenegro/295511?download=true
Accessed Date:
10 April 2017
Title:
Freedom of Assembly in Montenegro
Source:
European Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Author:
Aleksandra Vavić; Ivana Bogojević
URL:
http://ecnl.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Montenegro_WBA-Project-Report.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 April 2017
Title:
Concluding observations on the second periodic report
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
24 July 2017
URL:
http://undocs.org/CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/2
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. Country report: Gender equality.
Source:
European Commission. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers.
Date of Document:
April 2016
URL:
http://www.equalitylaw.eu/downloads/3792-montenegro-country-report-gender-pdf-1-21-mb
Accessed Date:
10 April 2017
Title:
Montenegro. Compilation of Country Profiles.
Source:
Women Against Violence Europe
Date of Document:
July 2016
URL:
http://fileserver.wave-network.org/researchreports/WAVEReport2015_Compilation_Country_Profiles.pdf
Accessed Date:
26 May 2017
Title:
A Difficult Profession: Media Freedom Under Attack in the Western Balkans
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
15 July 2015
Page Numbers:
24-28; 39-40; 48-49; 58-59
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/balkans0715.pdf
Accessed Date:
13 April 2016
Keywords:
crime; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; legal system; legislation
Title:
Montenegro. Freedom of the Press 2016.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/montenegro
Accessed Date:
10 April 2017
Title:
ECRI Report on Montenegro (fifth monitoring cycle)
Source:
Council of Europe. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance.
Date of Document:
19 September 2017
URL:
https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/country-by-country/montenegro/MNE-CbC-V-2017-037-ENG.pdf
Accessed Date:
4 May 2018
Title:
Montenegro. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/montenegro
Accessed Date:
18 May 2024
Source:
United Nations. Geospatial Information Section.
Date of Document:
1 July 2006
URL:
https://www.un.org/geospatial/content/montenegro
Accessed Date:
15 August 2025
Title:
Présentation du Monténégro
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
26 December 2023
URL:
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/montenegro/presentation-du-montenegro/
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Country profile: Montenegro
Source:
International Social Security Association
Date of Document:
1 July 2023
URL:
https://www.issa.int/node/195543?country=923
Accessed Date:
25 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. BTI 2024 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/MNE
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/montenegro
Accessed Date:
26 August 2025
Title:
National report submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 16/21: Montenegro
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/1
Date of Document:
8 February 2023
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/1
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro: Compilation of information
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
3 March 2023
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/2
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Summary of stakeholders' submissions on Montenegro
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
27 January 2023
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/43/MNE/3
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Montenegro: Parliament.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/ME/ME-LC01/
Accessed Date:
16 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Early Parliamentary Elections 11 June 2023. ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report.
Source:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
Date of Document:
11 December 2023
URL:
https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/9/560256_1.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
The Struggle Against Authoritarian Influence in the Western Balkans: Montenegro as a Test Case
Source:
National Endowment for Democracy. International Forum for Democratic Studies.
Date of Document:
August 2024
Author:
Vanja Ćalović Marković
URL:
https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/NED_FORUM-Authoritarianism-Influence-Report_final.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Concluding observations on the third periodic report of Montenegro
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
6 June 2024
URL:
https://docs.un.org/en/CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/3
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Country Gender Assessment: Montenegro
Date of Document:
May 2024
URL:
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099062524152026738/pdf/P177035-e74777f2-7070-4efb-bc3b-15c129370425.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. WAVE Country Report 2023: The status and value of women's specialist services in preventing and tackling gender-based violence against women.
Source:
Women Against Violence Europe
Date of Document:
December 2023
Author:
Elena Floriani; Léa Dudouet
URL:
https://wave-network.org/wp-content/uploads/WAVE_CountryReport2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
URL:
https://ilga.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ILGA_World_Trans_Legal_Mapping_Report_2019_EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
They say “I do” in Montenegro, and then leave the country
Date of Document:
22 November 2023
URL:
https://kosovotwopointzero.com/en/they-say-i-do-in-montenegro-and-then-leave-the-country/
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
URL:
https://ocindex.net/2023/country/montenegro
Accessed Date:
21 August 2025
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Margaret Satterthwaite, on her visit to Montenegro
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
12 April 2024
URL:
https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/56/62/Add.1
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
URL:
https://www.policinglaw.info/country/montenegro
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Montenegro. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/montenegro
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Fourth Opinion on Montenegro
Source:
Council of Europe. Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.
Date of Document:
10 October 2024
URL:
https://rm.coe.int/4th-op-montenegro-en/1680b1c745
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Title:
Statelessness Index: Montenegro
Source:
European Network on Statelessness
Date of Document:
February 2023
URL:
https://index.statelessness.eu/country/montenegro
Accessed Date:
18 August 2025
Disclaimer
National Documentation Packages (NDPs) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
NDP with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.