National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
email us.
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
31 May 2019
CONGO, REPUBLIC OF THE
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Source:
United Nations. Cartographic Section.
Date of Document:
January 2004
Accessed Date:
6 November 2012
Title:
Congo. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
6 November 2012
Title:
Congo, Republic of the. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Accessed Date:
28 May 2019
Title:
Congo-Brazzaville : République du Congo. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
28 November 2016
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
République du Congo - Pool department - Carte de base
Source:
Médecins Sans Frontières
Date of Document:
6 May 2016
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Department of Pool: Humanitarian response plan and early recovery
Source:
Humanitarian Response
Date of Document:
February 2018
Accessed Date:
6 May 2019
Title:
Republic of the Congo. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2018.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
13 March 2019
Accessed Date:
21 March 2019
Title:
Congo. Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
22 February 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
Title:
Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville). Freedom in the World 2018.
Accessed Date:
6 May 2019
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to resolution 16/21 of the Human Rights Council: Congo
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/1
Date of Document:
14 September 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Droits de l'Homme au Congo-Brazzaville : La terreur et la répression permanentes conjuguées avec la manipulation de l'opinion publique internationale par les gouvernants.
Source:
Observatoire Congolais des Droits de l'Homme
Date of Document:
May 2019
Accessed Date:
17 May 2019
Title:
Compilation on the Congo
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
24 August 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on the Republic of Congo
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
24 August 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Loi no 35-1961 du 20 juin 1961 portant le Code de la nationalité congolaise
Source:
Republic of Congo
Accessed Date:
6 November 2012
Keywords:
citizenship; legislation; nationality
Title:
Loi n° 32 - 2011 du 3 octobre 2011 modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n° 35-61 du 20 juin 1961 portant code de la nationalité congolaise
Source:
Republic of Congo
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
The national identity card; the procedure to obtain the card, the documents required and the timeframe; whether the applicant must pick it up in person when it is ready; whether the national identity card is mandatory and since when, and whether...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
21 October 2014
Accessed Date:
27 May 2015
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Republic of the Congo. U.S Visa: Reciprocity and Civil documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
17 May 2019
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
I. Political Transformation. Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2018 - Republic of the Congo Country Report.
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
Accessed Date:
24 May 2018
Keywords:
children; citizenship; corruption; disappeared persons; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender-based violence; indigenous groups; judicial corruption; labour; legislation; minorities; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; religion; sexual violence; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Congo. Assemblée nationale (National Assembly).
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary. Parline.
Date of Document:
10 May 2013
Accessed Date:
18 March 2016
Title:
Treatment of political opponents by the authorities (2015-April 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 April 2019
Accessed Date:
21 May 2019
Title:
Congo. Sénat (Senate).
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary. Parline.
Date of Document:
21 September 2017
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
Title:
Republic of the Congo. Election for President of 20 March 2016.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
30 May 2016
Keywords:
election; political organizations
Title:
The Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development (Mouvement congolais pour la démocratie et le développement intégral, MCDDI), including its objectives, activities, leaders, participation in government, role as part of the opposition...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 November 2015
Accessed Date:
24 May 2016
Keywords:
election; political activities; political opposition; political organizations
Title:
Mission d'observation de l'Union Africaine pour l'élection présidentielle du 20 Mars 2016 en république du Congo. Rapport Final.
Date of Document:
June 2016
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
The political party United for Congo (Unis pour le Congo, UPC), including its structure and membership card; treatment of its leaders and members by the authorities (2014–2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 May 2016
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Republic of the Congo. Election for Assemblée Nationale (Congolese National Assembly) of 16 July 2017.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Date of Document:
16 July 2017
Accessed Date:
22 May 2018
Title:
Arrests of advisors, particularly soldiers and ministers of the government of Denis Sassou-Nguesso, in connection with his election for a third term; names of the ministers and advisors arrested; reasons for their arrest, and treatment by...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 October 2016
Accessed Date:
29 May 2018
Title:
Convention for Action, Democracy and Development (Convention pour l'action, la démocratie et le développement, CADD), including leadership, structure, objectives and activities; requirements and procedures to become a member of the party...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 July 2018
Accessed Date:
21 May 2019
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Women in forced marriages, including state protection available and support services (2010-2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
30 October 2013
Accessed Date:
27 May 2015
Keywords:
legislation; marriage; social services
Title:
Republic of Congo. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2019.
Source:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Violence against women, including sexual violence; state protection and support services (2013-April 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 May 2015
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Keywords:
children; crime; domestic violence; female genital mutilation; gender equality; gender-based violence; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; sexual violence; social services; torture
Title:
Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of the Congo
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
14 November 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Examen du septième rapport périodique du Congo au Comité pour l'élimination de la discrimination envers les femmes. Rapport alternatif.
Source:
Rencontre pour la paix et les droits de l'Homme; International Service for Human Rights
Date of Document:
1 October 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Sexual minorities, including legislation and treatment by society and the authorities; state protection available and support services
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 April 2014
Accessed Date:
27 May 2015
Keywords:
legislation; sexual minorities; social services
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Republic of the Congo: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2018.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
28 June 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Republic of Congo. 2019 Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
27 February 2019
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Congo-Brazzaville's hidden war
Date of Document:
18 June 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
République du Congo. Rapport sur la gouvernance et la corruption.
Source:
Rencontre pour la paix et les droits de l'Homme
Date of Document:
June 2018
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Les « bébés noirs »
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
7 December 2017
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
8.
Military Service - (No items in this section)
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Rapport de situation sur le drame de Chacona à Brazzaville
Source:
Observatoire Congolais des Droits de l'Homme
Date of Document:
September 2018
Accessed Date:
17 May 2019
Title:
Congo-Brazzaville. ACAT 2016 Report: A World of Torture.
Source:
Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture
Date of Document:
6 June 2017
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
10.
Police and Security Forces - (No items in this section)
Title:
Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville). Freedom of the Press 2016.
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Congo, Republic of. International Religious Freedom Report 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 May 2018
Accessed Date:
31 May 2018
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Republic of Congo. The Indigenous World 2017.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Treatment of Métis by society and the authorities, state protection provided to Métis who are victims of violence and discrimination (2013-February 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 March 2015
Accessed Date:
27 May 2015
Title:
Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of the Congo: The Bangolo and Mungala ethnic groups, including treatment by society and authorities (1997-January 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 January 2016
Accessed Date:
27 July 2016
Keywords:
ethnic and national groups; minorities
Title:
Rapport sur la situation des droits des populations autochtones
Source:
L'observatoire congolais des droits de l'homme
Date of Document:
16 October 2017
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Resident status, including the requirements and procedure for renewing residency, particularly for citizens of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; whether a person may lose their resident status and the requirements and procedure to re-acquire...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 January 2016
Accessed Date:
24 May 2016
Keywords:
identity documents; legislation
Title:
Razed villages and empty fields await Congo-Brazzaville's displaced
Date of Document:
18 June 2018
Author:
Philip Kleinfeld; Emmanuel Freudenthal
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 29 March 2019:
Title:
Congo, Republic of the. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
1 May 2018
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html
Accessed Date:
17 May 2018
Title:
Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville). Freedom in the World 2017.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/congo-republic-brazzaville
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
Title:
République du Congo : Une gouvernance par la terreur et le mépris des droits humains. Rapport annuel sur la situation des Droits de l'Homme 2016.
Source:
Observatoire Congolais des Droits de l'Homme
Date of Document:
February 2017
URL:
http://blog.ocdh.org/post/2017/02/28/R%C3%A9publique-du-Congo-%3A-Une-gouvernance-par-la-terreur-et-le-m%C3%A9pris-des-droits-humains
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Republic of the Congo Reciprocity Schedule
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Congo.html
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
Title:
Congo. Assemblée nationale(National Assembly).
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary. Parline.
Date of Document:
20 September 2017
URL:
http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2071.htm
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Republic of the Congo. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2014.
Source:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
URL:
http://www.genderindex.org/country/congo/
Accessed Date:
27 May 2015
Keywords:
children; domestic violence; election; family law; freedom of movement; gender-based violence; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; sexual minorities; sexual violence; statistics
Title:
Republic of the Congo: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2017
URL:
https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271169.htm
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
Title:
Republic of Congo. 2017 Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
13 March 2017
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=21443
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Republic of Congo: Conflict in Pool department
Source:
Assessment Capacities Project
Date of Document:
6 June 2017
URL:
https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/products/files/20170606_acaps_briefing_note_congo_conflict_pool_department.pdf
Accessed Date:
7 May 2018
Title:
Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. Addendum: Follow-up report to the recommendations made by the Working Group. Missions to Congo and Pakistan.
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
13 September 2016
URL:
http://www.undocs.org/en/A/HRC/33/51/Add.7
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Congo-Brazzaville : La répression à huit clos se poursuit au Pool et dans le reste du pays
Source:
International Federation for Human Rights; Observatoire congolais des droits de l'Homme.
Date of Document:
April 2017
URL:
https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/note_position_repression-a-huis-clos_12avril2017_final.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Treatment by the authorities of political opponents, including of militants and members of the Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale, UPADS) (2009-April 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 May 2014
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=455324
Accessed Date:
29 May 2014
Keywords:
political activities; political opposition; political organizations
Title:
Mission d'observation de l'Union Africaine pour le premier tour de l'élection présidentielle, République du Congo – 20 mars 2016. Déclaration préliminaire.
Date of Document:
22 March 2016
URL:
https://www.au.int/web/sites/default/files/moeua_en_republique_du_congo_declaration_preliminaire_.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Some 13,000 displaced by Ninja clashes in Republic of Congo
Source:
United Nations. High Commissioner for Refugees.
Date of Document:
9 December 2016
URL:
http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2016/12/584a77ab4/13000-displaced-ninja-clashes-republic-congo.html
Accessed Date:
19 May 2017
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of the Congo
Source:
United Nations. Committee against Torture.
Date of Document:
28 May 2015
URL:
http://undocs.org/en/CAT/C/COG/CO/1
Accessed Date:
18 March 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; penal system; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political prisoners; torture
Title:
République du Congo. Violences contre des personnes accusées de sorcellerie et les pratique de désenvoutement des Eglises chrétiennes.
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
6 May 2015
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/didr_note_rdc_violences_contre_des_personnes_accusees_de_sorcellerie_et_les_pratiques_de_desenvoutement_des_eglises_chretiennes_ofpra_06.05.2015.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 March 2016
Keywords:
children; domestic violence; femicide; gender equality; gender-based violence; police efficacy; religion; sexual violence
Title:
Department of Pool: Humanitarian response plan and early recovery
Source:
Humanitarian Response
Date of Document:
February 2018
URL:
https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/congo_brazza-hrp-20180221-en-lowres.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 May 2019
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to resolution 16/21 of the Human Rights Council: Congo
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/1
Date of Document:
14 September 2018
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/1
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Compilation on the Congo
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
24 August 2018
URL:
https://undocs.org/A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/2
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on the Republic of Congo
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
24 August 2018
URL:
https://undocs.org/A/HRC/WG.6/31/COG/3
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Treatment of political opponents by the authorities (2015-April 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 April 2019
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457786
Accessed Date:
21 May 2019
Title:
Mission d'observation de l'Union Africaine pour l'élection présidentielle du 20 Mars 2016 en république du Congo. Rapport Final.
Date of Document:
June 2016
URL:
https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33519-doc-rapport_de_la_mission_dobservation_electorale_de_lunion_africaine_pour_lelection_presidentielle_du_20_mars_2016_en_republique_de_congo.pdf
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Convention for Action, Democracy and Development (Convention pour l'action, la démocratie et le développement, CADD), including leadership, structure, objectives and activities; requirements and procedures to become a member of the party...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 July 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457525
Accessed Date:
21 May 2019
Title:
Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of the Congo
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
14 November 2018
URL:
https://undocs.org/CEDAW/C/COG/CO/7
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Examen du septième rapport périodique du Congo au Comité pour l'élimination de la discrimination envers les femmes. Rapport alternatif.
Source:
Rencontre pour la paix et les droits de l'Homme; International Service for Human Rights
Date of Document:
1 October 2018
URL:
http://www.rpdh-cg.org/sites/default/files/pdf/int_cedaw_css_cog_32612_f.pdf
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Congo-Brazzaville's hidden war
Date of Document:
18 June 2018
URL:
https://www.irinnews.org/special-report/2018/06/18/updated-congo-brazzaville-s-hidden-war
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
République du Congo. Rapport sur la gouvernance et la corruption.
Source:
Rencontre pour la paix et les droits de l'Homme
Date of Document:
June 2018
URL:
http://www.rpdh-cg.org/sites/default/files/pdf/cg-rapport_diagnostic.pdf
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Les « bébés noirs »
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
7 December 2017
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/15_cgo_bebes_noirs.pdf
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Rapport de situation sur le drame de Chacona à Brazzaville
Source:
Observatoire Congolais des Droits de l'Homme
Date of Document:
September 2018
URL:
http://ocdh-brazza.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Rapport-Chaona-septembre-2018.pdf
Accessed Date:
17 May 2019
Title:
Rapport sur la situation des droits des populations autochtones
Source:
L'observatoire congolais des droits de l'homme
Date of Document:
16 October 2017
URL:
http://ocdh-brazza.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Rapport-situation-population-autochtone.pdf
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Title:
Razed villages and empty fields await Congo-Brazzaville's displaced
Date of Document:
18 June 2018
Author:
Philip Kleinfeld; Emmanuel Freudenthal
URL:
https://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2018/06/18/razed-villages-and-empty-fields-await-congo-brazzaville-s-displaced
Accessed Date:
7 May 2019
Disclaimer
National Documentation Packages (NDPs) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
NDP with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.