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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
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Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
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Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
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Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
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Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
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Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
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Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
31 July 2014
CAMBODIA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Cambodia. Cartographic Section.
Date of Document:
January 2004
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Title:
Cambodge. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Title:
Cambodia. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
23 June 2014
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
country overview; map
Title:
Cambodia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
27 February 2014
Accessed Date:
10 March 2014
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; corruption; disappeared persons; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; family law; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; gender-based violence; government corruption; human rights activists; identity documents; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; minorities; nationality; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; race; religion; sexual minorities; sexual violence; social services; state surveillance; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure; warrants; witness protection
Title:
Cambodia. Amnesty International Report 2013: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; crime; election; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; human rights activists; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; police efficacy; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners
Title:
Cambodia. World Report 2014: Events of 2013.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2014
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; conflict; corruption; election; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion; sexual violence; torture
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
16 July 2012
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; corruption; crime; election; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; human rights activists; humanitarian situation; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners
Title:
Human Rights 2013: The Year in Review
Source:
Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights
Date of Document:
February 2014
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; children; conflict; corruption; disappeared persons; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender-based violence; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; race; sexual violence; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Cambodia. Freedom in the World 2014.
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; conflict; corruption; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender-based violence; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legislation; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; race; religion; sexual violence; social services; trafficking in persons
Title:
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Cambodia
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
27 March 2014
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; disappeared persons; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender equality; government corruption; human rights activists; indigenous groups; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; minorities; penal system; police/security forces; political activities; race; religion; sexual violence; social services; torture; trafficking in persons
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Cambodia. Law on Nationality.
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Keywords:
children; citizenship; legislation; marriage; nationality
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Treatment of Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) members by government authorities, including Suong Sophorn (June 2010-December 2011)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
31 January 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
judicial efficacy; legal system; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners
Title:
I. Political Transformation. Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2014 — Cambodia Country Report.
Source:
Gütersloh: Bertelsmann
Stiftung
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; conflict; corruption; crime; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender equality; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; legal system; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; rejected asylum seekers; religion; social services; torture
Title:
Election Profile: Kingdom of Cambodia. Results for National Assembly Election of 28 July 2013.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
election; political organizations; statistics
Title:
Treatment of Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) members (and Cambodian National Rescue Party members, CNRP) by government authorities (2012-Aug. 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 August 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2014
Keywords:
election; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of expression; human rights activists; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; political activities; political opposition
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Domestic violence, including state protection and support services (2010-June 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 July 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
domestic violence; gender equality; gender-based violence; judicial efficacy; marriage; police corruption; police efficacy; sexual violence; social services
Title:
The prevalence of forced marriage; consequences of refusal and government protection (2003 - February 2007)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 February 2007
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Keywords:
judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; legislation; marriage; police corruption; police efficacy; statistics
Title:
Acid Attack Perpetrator Sentenced Under New Cambodian Law
Source:
United Nations. Integrated Regional Information Networks.
Date of Document:
30 January 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
crime; domestic violence; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; legislation; social services; statistics; torture
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Cambodia
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.
Date of Document:
29 October 2013
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
children; citizenship; disappeared persons; domestic violence; ethnic and national groups; family law; gender equality; gender-based violence; internal displacement; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; marriage; medical records; minorities; nationality; police efficacy; race; sexual violence; social services; trafficking in persons
Title:
Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
children; crime; domestic violence; legal system; legislation; police/security forces; sexual violence; torture; warrants
Title:
Cambodia. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2012.
Source:
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
abduction; children; citizenship; conflict; crime; domestic violence; family law; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; gender equality; institutional efficacy; labour; legislation; marriage; political activities; sexual violence; social services; statistics; trafficking in persons
Title:
Domestic Violence Law: The Gap Between Legislation and Practice in Cambodia and What Can Be Done About It
Source:
Royal Holloway. University of London.
Author:
Katherine Brickell et al.
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
children; domestic violence; gender equality; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; police efficacy; social services; statistics
6.
Sexual Minorities - (No items in this section)
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Cambodia (Tier 2 Watch List). Trafficking in Persons Report 2014.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2014
Accessed Date:
30 July 2014
Keywords:
children; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legislation; police efficacy; police/security forces; sexual violence; social services; statistics; trafficking in persons
Title:
Cambodia. 2014 OSAC Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
9 July 2014
Accessed Date:
30 July 2014
Keywords:
crime; drug trafficking; election; freedom of assembly; judicial corruption; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; religion; social services; transport infrastructure
Title:
Cambodia. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2014, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2014
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
crime; drug trafficking; police efficacy; social services
8.
Military Service - (No items in this section)
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems - (No items in this section)
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
'Tell Them I Want to Kill Them': Two Decades of Impunity in Hun Sen's Cambodia
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
November 2012
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; corruption; crime; disappeared persons; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; map; police efficacy; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; torture
Title:
Cambodia. Freedom of the Press 2013.
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
freedom of expression; freedom of the press; government corruption; Internet; judicial corruption; legislation; political opposition; political organizations; statistics
Title:
Cambodia. International Religious Freedom Report for 2013.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
28 July 2014
Accessed Date:
30 July 2014
Keywords:
legislation; religion; statistics
Title:
Attitude toward and treatment by authorities of the World Buddhist Sangha Youth Cambodia (WBSYC) and its members, as well as supporters of the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Buddhist Monk Association (KKKBMA) (2010-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 September 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; citizenship; disappeared persons; freedom of assembly; human rights activists; political activities; political organizations; religion; state surveillance
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race - (No items in this section)
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement - (No items in this section)
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions
Title:
Cambodia. ITUC Global Rights Index. The World's Worst Countries for Workers.
Source:
International Trade Union Confederation
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
freedom of assembly; government corruption; labour; legislation; police corruption; police/security forces
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 14 March 2014:
Title:
Cambodia. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
10 July 2013
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
country overview; map
Title:
Cambodia. World Report 2013: Events of 2012.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2013
URL:
http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/cambodia
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; corruption; crime; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; human rights activists; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; police efficacy; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Human Rights 2012: The Year in Review
Source:
Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights
Date of Document:
February 2013
URL:
http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/176LICADHOReportHumanRightsReview2012English.pdf
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; corruption; crime; domestic violence; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; gender equality; human rights activists; indigenous groups; institutional efficacy; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; penal system; police efficacy; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political prisoners; sexual violence; social services; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure
Title:
Cambodia (Tier 2 Watch List). Trafficking in Persons Report 2013.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2013
URL:
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/210549.htm
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
children; corruption; government corruption; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; sexual violence; statistics; trafficking in persons
Title:
Cambodia. 2013 Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
14 April 2013
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13883
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
conflict; crime; drug trafficking; extremist/terrorist organizations; freedom of assembly; gangs; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; legal system; organized crime; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; religion; transport infrastructure
Title:
Cambodia. International Religious Freedom Report for 2012.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
20 May 2013
URL:
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208220
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
ethnic and national groups; indigenous groups; legislation; minorities; religion
Title:
Cambodia. Countries at Risk: Violations of Trade Union Rights 2013.
Source:
International Trade Union Confederation
URL:
http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/survey_ra_2013_eng_final.pdf
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
crime; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system
Title:
Cambodia. Countries at the Crossroads 2012.
URL:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2012/cambodia
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; conflict; corruption; crime; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender equality; government corruption; human rights activists; indigenous groups; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; police/security forces complaints; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion; sexual violence; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Cambodian Opposition Pushes For Electoral Reforms
Date of Document:
21 May 2013
URL:
http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2013-05-21/cambodian-opposition-pushes-for-electoral-reforms/1133940
Accessed Date:
29 July 2013
Keywords:
election; judicial efficacy; legal system; political activities; political opposition; political organizations
Title:
Cambodia: Proposed Law on Associations and Non-Governmental Organizations: A Watershed Moment?
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
20 December 2011
URL:
http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA23/012/2011/en/d6e92c36-5ada-4eae-857f-bb6a40c768db/asa230122011en.pdf
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Keywords:
freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; human rights activists; indigenous groups; legislation; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition
Title:
Breaking the Silence: Sexual Violence in Cambodia
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
March 2010
URL:
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA23/001/2010/en/17ebf558-95f0-4cf8-98c1-3f052ffb9603/asa230012010en.pdf
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Keywords:
children; corruption; crime; domestic violence; gender equality; gender-based violence; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; marriage; police efficacy; police/security forces; sexual violence; social services; statistics; torture
Title:
Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: Cambodia
Source:
United Nations. Committee Against Torture.
Date of Document:
20 January 2011
URL:
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.KHM.CO.2_en.pdf
Accessed Date:
17 October 2012
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; corruption; crime; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; penal system; police efficacy; police/security forces complaints; sexual violence; social services; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Cambodia. Freedom in the World 2014.
URL:
http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/cambodia-0#.U20doPldUaA
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; conflict; corruption; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender-based violence; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legislation; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; race; religion; sexual violence; social services; trafficking in persons
Title:
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Cambodia
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
27 March 2014
URL:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/KHSession18.aspx
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; disappeared persons; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender equality; government corruption; human rights activists; indigenous groups; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; minorities; penal system; police/security forces; political activities; race; religion; sexual violence; social services; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
I. Political Transformation. Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2014 — Cambodia Country Report.
Source:
Gütersloh: Bertelsmann
Stiftung
URL:
http://www.bti-project.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/reports/2014/pdf/BTI%202014%20Cambodia.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; conflict; corruption; crime; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; gender equality; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; legal system; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; rejected asylum seekers; religion; social services; torture
Title:
Election Profile: Kingdom of Cambodia. Results for National Assembly Election of 28 July 2013.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
URL:
http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/550/
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
election; political organizations; statistics
Title:
Treatment of Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) members (and Cambodian National Rescue Party members, CNRP) by government authorities (2012-Aug. 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 August 2013
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=454757&pls=1
Accessed Date:
29 July 2014
Keywords:
election; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of expression; human rights activists; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; political activities; political opposition
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Cambodia
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.
Date of Document:
29 October 2013
URL:
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2fC%2fKHM%2fCO%2f4-5&Lang=en
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
children; citizenship; disappeared persons; domestic violence; ethnic and national groups; family law; gender equality; gender-based violence; internal displacement; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; marriage; medical records; minorities; nationality; police efficacy; race; sexual violence; social services; trafficking in persons
Title:
Domestic Violence Law: The Gap Between Legislation and Practice in Cambodia and What Can Be Done About It
Source:
Royal Holloway. University of London.
Author:
Katherine Brickell et al.
URL:
http://www.katherinebrickell.com/katherinebrickell/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/DV-Law-Prelim-Report-2014.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
children; domestic violence; gender equality; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; police efficacy; social services; statistics
Title:
Cambodia. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2014, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2014
URL:
http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2014/vol1/222859.htm
Accessed Date:
25 July 2014
Keywords:
crime; drug trafficking; police efficacy; social services
Title:
Attitude toward and treatment by authorities of the World Buddhist Sangha Youth Cambodia (WBSYC) and its members, as well as supporters of the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Buddhist Monk Association (KKKBMA) (2010-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 September 2013
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=454774&pls=1
Accessed Date:
29 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; citizenship; disappeared persons; freedom of assembly; human rights activists; political activities; political organizations; religion; state surveillance
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NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
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The information presented in
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